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Wind power in Ohio has a long history, but as of 2008, Ohio lags most of its neighboring states with just two utility-scale wind power installations, with a combined nameplate capacity of just over 7 MW. However, both installations have become tourist attractions.[1][2] Two new Ohio wind farms, the Buckeye Wind Project and the Wood County Wind Farm, are scheduled for completion in 2009.
[edit] History
Wind power in Ohio has a long (albeit discontinuous) history. [edit] Brush's windmill dynamoCharles F. Brush designed one of world's earliest electricity-generating windmills in Cleveland, Ohio in 1887-1888.[4] His engineering company built the "windmill dynamo" at his home. It operated from 1886 until 1900.[3] The Brush wind turbine had a rotor 56 feet (17 m) in diameter and was mounted on a 60 foot (18 m) tower, making it similar in size to some of the first commercial wind farm turbines of the 1980s. However, the machine was only rated at 12 kW; it turned relatively slowly since it had 144 blades. Brush used the connected dynamo either to charge a bank of batteries or to operate up to 100 incandescent light bulbs, three arc lamps, and various motors in his laboratory. The machine fell into disuse after 1900 when electricity became available from Cleveland's central stations, and was abandoned in 1908.[5] [edit] NASA Lewis MOD seriesFrom 1974 to 1981, NASA's Glenn Research Center (then the Lewis Research Center) at Brook Park, Ohio led the U.S. Wind Energy Program for large horizontal-axis wind turbines, designing a series of 13 experimental large horizontal-axis wind turbines. In conjunction with the United States Department of Energy, NASA developed and tested the world's first megawatt-class wind turbines. The program's goal was to develop the technology, and then turn it over to private industry. While none of the program's wind turbine designs saw mass commercialization, the tests generated valuable data and pioneered modern design concepts such as tubular towers and computer control of blade pitch and rotor yaw. Most of the MOD-series wind turbines went to sites outside of Ohio, but the first unit, the MOD-0 operated at NASA's Plum Brook facility near Sandusky from 1975 to 1988.[6] Initially the wind turbine had a lattice tower, a 38.1m diameter two-bladed rotor mounted downwind from the tower, and a capacity of 100 kW. Lockheed Corporation manufactured the aluminum rotor blades. The discovery of severe stress resulting from the rotor blades passing through the tower's wind shadow led to several redesigns. In 1979, NASA rebuilt the MOD-0 with an upwind rotor mounted on a teetering hub, with a steel spar reinforcing the blades. In 1982, a tubular tower replaced the lattice tower. Finally, in 1985 NASA tested a single-bladed rotor with a teetering hub.[6] In 1981, Two NASA Glenn engineers, Larry Viterna and Bob Corrigan, used the adjustable-pitch blade feature of the MOD-0 to invent an analytical method for calculating wind turbine output in high winds, which has since become widely used in the wind power industry as the Viterna method.[7][8]
[edit] Installed capacity and wind resourcesThe following table compares the growth in wind power installed nameplate capacity in MW for Ohio, Texas, California, and the entire United States since 1999.[9][10]
One large untapped resource of wind in Ohio is Lake Erie.[11][12][13][14] Its shallow depth and shelter from hurricanes provide advantages in terms of both ease of construction as well as safety of investment. Although land based wind farms frequently have lower siting costs, offshore wind farms usually have better wind, as open water lacks obstructions such as forests, buildings, and hills. [edit] Wind farms
As of 2008[update], Ohio has two utility-scale wind power installations, and two more in development. [edit] AMP-Ohio/Green Mountain Energy Wind FarmThe AMP-Ohio/Green Mountain Energy Wind Farm near Bowling Green in Wood County was Ohio's first utility-scale wind farm. It consists of four Vestas V80-1.8MW wind turbines giving a combined nameplate capacity of 7.2 MW.[10][15] The first two units came online in 2003, and the second two in 2004, next to the Wood County landfill. The US$10 million wind farm's wind turbines are highly conspicuous on the flat farmland, visible for miles in all directions, and have become something of a tourist attraction, regularly hosting busloads of schoolchildren. A solar-powered kiosk on the site gives data to visitors about the project, the current wind speed, and real time power generation.[16] [edit] Great Lakes Science CenterThe Great Lakes Science Center installed a reconditioned Vestas V27-225kW wind turbine in 2006, outside its museum building on Cleveland's North Coast Harbor between Cleveland Browns Stadium and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The North Coast entertainment complex receives 1.5 million visitors per year, and the wind turbine appears regularly on local news broadcasts and Cleveland Browns NFL broadcasts, making it one of the world's most-viewed wind turbines.[2] The wind turbine originally operated on a wind farm in Denmark, which resold the wind turbine while repowering to newer, larger wind turbines.[2][17] The ground around the wind turbine features an art display entitled Shadow and Light.[18] The display includes walkways that align with the wind turbine's shadow at solar noon and two hours, eleven minutes after solar noon, respectively. On the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the wind turbine's shadow also aligns with the walkways by length.[18] Thus the wind turbine functions as a large gnomon in an incomplete sundial. The display includes boxes of light bulbs encased in concrete on one side of a plaza around the wind turbine's base, representing the amount of electricity consumed by the average American household in a year.
[edit] ProposedThe Buckeye Wind Project will be in the Logan Hills region of Champaign and Logan counties, near Ohio's highest point. Developed by New York-based EverPower Renewables Inc., the 100,000-kilowatt farm could meet the electricity needs for about 30,000 (the referenced article erroneously states 300,000) homes. The 49,500-kilowatt Wood County Wind Farm, developed by Cleveland-based JW Great Lakes Wind LLC, could support about 15,000 homes. The state estimated both projects would be commissioned by June 2009.[19] Grant funding for both wind farms will be based on how much energy the wind farms generate. Both will receive 1 cent per kilowatt-hour for electricity generated, a rate that goes up to 1.2 cents if the projects contain Ohio-made components. Payments from the state will continue for five years or until a maximum amount is reached. Funding comes from the Ohio Department of Development's Ohio Wind Production and Manufacturing Incentive Program, created in 1999 and re-authorized in early 2007.[19] [edit] See also
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