Underwater welding

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Underwater welding
Underwater welding

Underwater welding refers to a number of distinct welding processes that are performed underwater.[1][2] The applications of underwater welding are diverse—it is often used to repair ships, offshore oil platforms, and pipelines. Steel is the most common material welded.

The two main categories of underwater welding techniques are wet underwater welding and dry underwater welding, both are classified as hyperbaric welding.

For deepwater welds and other applications where high strength is necessary, dry underwater welding is most commonly used. Research into using dry underwater welding at depths of up to 1000 m are ongoing.[3] In general, assuring the integrity of underwater welds can be difficult (but is possible using various nondestructive testing applications), especially for wet underwater welds, because defects are difficult to detect if the defects are beneath the surface of the weld.

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Contents

[edit] Wet underwater welding

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[edit] Risks

The risks of underwater welding include the risk of electric shock to the welder. To prevent this, the welding equipment must be adaptable to a marine environment, properly insulated and the welding current must be controlled. Commercial divers must also consider the safety issues that normal divers face; most notably, the risk of decompression sickness following saturation diving due to the increased pressure of inhaled breathing gases.[4] Another risk, generally limited to wet underwater welding, is the buildup of hydrogen and oxygen pockets, because these are potentially explosive. Many divers have reported a metallic taste that is related to the breakdown of dental amalgam.[5][6][7] There may also be long term cognitive and possibly musculoskeletal effects associated with underwater welding.[8]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Keats, DJ (2005). Underwater Wet Welding - A Welder's Mate. Speciality Welds Ltd. ISBN 1-899293-99-X.. 
  2. ^ Cary, HB and Helzer, SC (2005). Modern Welding Technology. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, 677-681. ISBN 0-13-113029-3. 
  3. ^ Bennett PB, Schafstall H (July 1992). "Scope and design of the GUSI international research program". Undersea Biomed Res 19 (4): 231–41. PMID 1353925. Retrieved on 2008-07-05. 
  4. ^ (2006) US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. Retrieved on 2008-07-05. 
  5. ^ Ortendahl TW, Dahlén G, Röckert HO (March 1985). "Evaluation of oral problems in divers performing electrical welding and cutting under water". Undersea Biomed Res 12 (1): 69–76. PMID 4035819. Retrieved on 2008-07-05. 
  6. ^ Ortendahl TW, Högstedt P (November 1988). "Magnetic field effects on dental amalgam in divers welding and cutting electrically underwater". Undersea Biomed Res 15 (6): 429–41. PMID 3227576. Retrieved on 2008-07-05. 
  7. ^ Ortendahl TW, Högstedt P, Odelius H, Norén JG (November 1988). "Effects of magnetic fields from underwater electrical cutting on in vitro corrosion of dental amalgam". Undersea Biomed Res 15 (6): 443–55. PMID 3227577. Retrieved on 2008-07-05. 
  8. ^ Macdiarmid JI, Ross JAS, Semple S, Osman LM, Watt SJ, Crawford JR (2005). "Further investigation of possible musculoskeletal and cognitive deficit due to welding in divers identified in the ELTHI diving study". Health and Safety Executive Technical Report rr390. Retrieved on 2008-07-05. 

[edit] External links

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