The Backs

Part of The Backs belonging to King's College, looking east across the River Cam which is marked by a dark line in the grass.

The Backs is an area of the city of Cambridge, England, where several colleges of the University of Cambridge back on to the River Cam, their grounds covering both banks of the river. The name "The Backs" refers to the backs of the colleges. The area, from Magdalene Street bridge in the north to Silver Street bridge in the south, consists of the rear grounds of the following colleges (north to south):

• Magdalene – grounds on the west bank of the river before the Magdalene Street bridge.
• St John's – buildings on both sides of the river, spanned by the St John's kitchen bridge and the Bridge of Sighs.
• Trinity – buildings on the east bank, spanned by Trinity bridge.
• Trinity Hall – buildings on the east bank but with no rear grounds on the west bank.
• Clare – buildings on the east bank, spanned by Clare bridge.
• King's – buildings on the east bank, spanned by King's bridge.
• Queens' – buildings on both sides of the river, spanned by the Mathematical Bridge.

The area is notably pleasant, not least because of the river running through it and the way in which the college grounds are maintained, including expansive lawns and gardens. Historically, much of the land was used by the colleges for more down-to-earth purposes such as grazing livestock or growing fruit. The river was also an important commercial thoroughfare to the mill at Silver Street.

[edit] History

One of the earliest drawings of The Backs, contained in a plan of Cambridge engraved by Richard Lyne in 1574.

In the 16th century, the area consisted of pasture, gardens and orchards owned by colleges of the University, with wooden bridges across the Cam. Over time, the colleges planted avenues of trees and built sturdier bridges. In 1772, St John's College consulted English landscape architect Lancelot ("Capability") Brown (1716–1783), who laid out a "wilderness" on the college side of Queen's Road which still exists today.^[1]

In 1779 Brown presented a plan to the University of Cambridge to create country-house style parkland with its focus on King's College's Gibbs Building. The plan would have involved removing avenues, transforming the river into a lake, and planting clumps of trees to screen the other colleges. It was never implemented, possibly because it would have removed historic college boundaries and three important bridges.^[1]

In response to many elm trees succumbing to Dutch elm disease, a Backs Committee was formed in 1979 so that a joint approach could be taken to the problem facing The Backs. As a result of the committee's work, trees were cut down and new ones planted in their place. However, the committee stopped meeting in 1994.^[1]

In 1995, English Heritage listed The Backs as a Grade 1 Historic Park.^[2]

A Plan Presented to the University of Cambridge for Some Alterations – by Lancelot Brown, 1779.

[edit] Present-day and future development

The River Cam passing through the part of The Backs owned by King's College, looking north.

In the 2000s, the University's six colleges on The Backs commissioned Robert Myers, a landscape architect who had studied at Girton College, to prepare a new landscape management plan for the area. The report, entitled The Backs Cambridge Landscape Strategy,^[3] was completed in November 2007^[2] and released on 1 December 2007. It sets out proposals for the evolution of The Backs over the next 50 years. Myers' proposal is to improve the "legibility, coherence and visual quality of the landscape as a whole"^[4] by retaining and enhancing the existing structure of the landscape and sight lines, while screening off the traffic on Queens Road. Over-mature and inappropriately-sited trees will be removed and new ones planted. In addition, there will be a phased replacement of avenues, an extension of the "wilderness" planting behind St John's and along the edge of Queens Road, and the creation of a "wildlife corridor". In particular, as regards Queens' Green at the southern end of The Backs which is owned by Cambridge City Council, there is a proposal to extend an existing avenue of beech trees to the Queens Road to create an additional "rung" to the "ladder effect" created by other tree avenues, and to plant more trees and wilderness to partly enclose a stretch of grass.^[1]

The colleges are currently in consultation with the City Council and English Heritage regarding the report,^[2] and if it is approved will carry out the suggested work in their own time using their own funds.^[1] In December 2007, The Daily Telegraph reported that "there has been a remarkable degree of consensus between institutions [i.e., the colleges of the University owning parts of The Backs] well known for prizing their autonomy".^[1]

[edit] Gallery

Clare College and King's College Chapel from The Backs.	Detail of a 1798 map surveyed by William Custance and engraved by J. Russell showing The Backs.	Spendlowe Lamborn's late-18th-century engravings of the Old Bridge at King's College and Trinity College Bridge.	Clare Bridge.
A view of the River Cam near Trinity College.	Trinity Hall's Jerwood Library on the bank of the Cam.	Sunset over the River Cam.

[edit] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

River Cam

• List of bridges in Cambridge
• Punting

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Stubbings, Frank H. (Henry) (comp.) (1995). Bedders, Bulldogs and Bedells: A Cambridge Glossary, Rev. and enl. ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47978-9. 

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Articles

• Whiffen, Marcus (1947), Academical Elysium – The Landscaping of the Cambridge Backs, [?Cambridge]: [s.n.] .
• "Queens College Record 2000 – The Grove Elms". Queen's College, Cambridge (2000). Retrieved on 2007-12-21.

[edit] Books and papers

• Workman, J (1976). The Backs (An Outline for the Formation of a Joint Policy for the Conservation of the Trees and Landscape...). [?Cambridge]: [s.n.]. 
• Walters, S.M. (1979). The Future of the Backs: A Memorandum Summarising the Results to Date of Discussion and Action Initiated by King’s College Garden Committee in 1974, with Recommendations for Future Coordinated Action. [?Cambridge]: [s.n.]. 
• Brown, Jane (2002). Trinity College: A Garden History. Cambridge: Trinity College, Cambridge. 

Some of the references in this section were obtained from The Backs Cambridge landscape strategy, Robert Myers Associates, November 2007, p. 28, <http://131.111.214.230/about/documents/432_01TheBacksLandscapeReport.pdf>. Retrieved on 2007-12-21 .

[edit] External links

• University of Cambridge Official Map – The Backs