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For other uses, see TMK (disambiguation).
TMK (Russian: Тяжелый Межпланетный Корабль - Tyazhely Mezhplanetny Korabl for Heavy Interplanetary Spacecraft) was the designation of a Soviet Union space exploration project to send a manned flight to Mars and Venus (TMK-MAVR design) without landing. The TMK-1 spacecraft was due to be launched in 1971 and make a three year long flight including a Mars fly-by at which time probes would have been dropped. Expanded project variations, such as the TMK-E, Mavr or KK, including a Venus flyby, electric propulsion or a manned Mars landing were also proposed. The TMK project was planned as an answer from the Soviet Union to the United States manned moon landings. A previous Martian Piloted Complex mission was proposed in the 1956. The project was never completed because the required N1 rocket never flew successfully.
[edit] TMK-1
The first flight to Mars of the TMK-1 was planned to begin on June 8, 1971. The 75 metric ton TMK-1 spacecraft would take a crew of three on a Mars flyby mission. After a 10.5 month flight the crew would race past Mars, dropping remote controlled landers, and then be flung into an earth-return trajectory. Earth return would happen on July 10, 1974, after a voyage of three years, one month, and two days. Spacecraft configuration:
[edit] TMK-E
This variation was proposed in 1960, and consisted of a complete Mars landing expedition to be assembled in Earth orbit using several N1 launches. The spacecraft would be powered by nuclear electric engines and five landers would deliver a nuclear-powered Mars Train on the surface for a one-year mission. The TMK-E would be capable of a three year flight to Mars and return, of which one year was powered flight. It would measure 175 m in length and house a crew of six. Six landing craft were included, two for the crew and four for the Mars Train vehicles. [edit] Mavr (MArs - VeneRa)
A variation of the TMK mission planning involved a flyby of Venus on the return voyage, and was given the code name "Mavr" (MArs - VeneRa), meaning Mars - Venus. [edit] KK - Space Complex for Delivering a Piloted Expedition to Mars
In 1966, a final version of the TMK studies was known as KK - Space Complex for Delivering a Piloted Expedition to Mars. Nuclear electric propulsion was to be used for the 630 day mission. The craft structure consisted of:
The launch was planned for 1980, with a crew of three cosmonauts. Mars stay duration would be 30 days. Mission data:
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