Ra

In one of his many forms, Ra has the head of a falcon and the sun-disk of Wadjet resting on his head

Ra (pronounced Rah) and sometimes as, Rê, is an ancient Egyptian sun god. By the fifth dynasty he became a major deity in ancient Egyptian religion, identified primarily with the mid-day sun, with other deities representing other positions of the sun. Ra changed greatly over time and in one form or another, much later he was said to represent the sun at all times of the day. The chief cult centre of Ra first was based in Heliopolis (ancient Inunu) meaning "City of the Sun." In later Egyptian dynastic times, Ra was merged with the god Horus, as Re-Horakhty (and many variant spellings). When his worship reached this position of importance in the Egyptian pantheon, he was believed to command the sky, the earth, and the underworld. He was associated with the falcon, the symbol of other sun deities who protected the pharaohs and in later myths. After the deities were paired, pharaohs, the children of Hathor, were considered to be fathered by Ra.

Although not the contemporary view, according to E. A. Wallis Budge (1857–1934), Ra was the one god of Egyptian monotheism, of which all other deities were aspects, manifestations, phases, or forms.^[1] He asserted that a Hymn to Rah (c. 1370s BC) was written to stress the pantheistic nature of Rah to combat encroaching polytheism and that in it, several deities are described, not as beings in their own right, but as certain forms of Rah. For example:

"Praise be unto thee, O Ra, thou exalted Power, who dost enter into the habitations of Ament, behold [thy] body is Atum."

"Praise be unto thee, O Ra, thou exalted Power, who dost enter into the hidden palace of Anubis, behold [thy] body is Khepera."^[2]

Ra is most commonly pronounced 'rah'. It is more likely, however, that it should be pronounced as 'rei', hence the alternative spelling Re rather than Rah. The meaning of Ra's name is uncertain, but it is thought if not a word for 'sun', it may be a variant of or linked to 'creative'. As his cult arose in the Egyptian pantheon, Rah often replaced Atum as the father, grandfather, and great-grandfather of the deities of the Ennead, and became a creator of the world.

Up until the mid-twentieth century, theories of Egyptologists postulated that the Heliopolis priesthood established this pesedjet at Heliopolis in order to place their local sun-god, Ra, above all other deities such as Osiris, however, many later Egyptologists now question this.

It appears almost certain, rather, that the Great Ennead—meaning the nine deities of Atum, Geb, Isis, Nut, Osiris, Nephthys, Seth, Shu, and Tefnut—first appeared during the decline of Ra's cult in the sixth dynasty and, that after introduction of the new pesedjet, the cult of Ra soon saw a great resurgence until the worship of Horus gained prominence. Afterward worship focused on the syncretistic solar deity Ra-harakhty (Ra, who is Horus of the Two Horizons). During the Amarna Period of the eighteenth dynasty, Akhenaten introduced worship of another solar deity, Aten, the deified solar disc that represented his preferred regional deity as he attempted to lessen the influence of the temple of Atum. He built a temple in Annu, named Wetjes Aten (wṯs ỉtn, Elevating the Sun-disc). Blocks from this temple later were used to build walls to the medieval city of Cairo and are included in some of the city gates. The cult of the Mnevis bull, an embodiment of Ra, had its centre here and established a formal burial ground for the sacrificed bulls north of the city.

In the later myths, Ra then was seen to have created Sekhmet, the early lioness war goddess, who becomes Hathor, the cow goddess, after she has sufficiently punished mankind as an avenging Eye of Ra, and so by changing the themes of much earlier myths into aspects of his, he is often said to be the father of both and brother to the god, Osiris. Afterward, nearly all forms of life supposedly were created only by Ra, who called each of them into existence by speaking their secret names and eventually, humans were created from Ra's tears or sweat, and asserting that the Egyptians then called themselves the "Cattle of Ra."

[edit] Symbolism

Ra shared many of his symbols with other solar deities, in particular Horus, usually depicted as a falcon. Ra primarily is depicted as a man in artwork, wearing a pharaoh's crown (a sign of his leadership of the deities) and the wadjet sun disk on his head. Often he had a falcon's head, as does Horus. In later myths about Ra, the sun is portrayed differently according to the position of the sun in the sky. This was an early theme in Egyptian myths, with different names assigned to the sun depending upon its position in the sky. At sunrise he was the young boy Khepri, at noon the falcon-headed man Harakhty, and at sunset the elder Atum. This constant aging was suggested by some later Egyptians as the reason Ra stayed separate from the world and let Osiris or Horus rule in his place. This idea often is coupled with the myth in which Isis is able to trick an elderly Ra, having ruled on earth as a human pharaoh, into revealing his secret name, and thus the secret of his power, and thereby losing his power. The cult of Isis and Osiris rose in importance at that time.

The Bennu bird is Ra's ba and a symbol of fire and rebirth. The wadjet sun disk, also shown as the hieroglyphic ⊙ ; Ankh, symbolizing the life given by the sun; Obelisk, representative of the rays of the sun and worshiped as a home of a solar god; Pyramids, aligned east to west, Falcon; Bull; a cobra commonly seen wrapped around the sun disk, the form of the goddess Wadjet, who often was depicted as an Egyptian cobra, an animal thought only to be female and reproducing through parthenogenesis. Some traditions relate that the first wadjet was created by the goddess Isis who formed it from the dust of the earth and the spittle of Atum. The uraeus was the instrument with which Isis gained the throne of Egypt for her husband Osiris. As the sun, Ra was thought to see everything.

Together with Atum, Ra was believed to have fathered Shu and Tefnut, who in turn bore Geb, Nut. These in turn were the parents of Osiris, Isis, Set (also known as Seth), and Nephthys. All nine made up the Heliopolitan Ennead.

God Ra in temple, Deir-el-Bahari

[edit] Mythology

For the Egyptians, the sun most basically represented light, warmth, and growth. This made sun deities very important to Egyptians, and it is probably therefore no coincidence that the sun came to be seen as the ruler of all. In his myths, the sun was either seen as the body or eye of Ra.

Ra was thought to travel in a sun boat (The Boat of the Millions) to protect its fires from the primordial waters of the underworld it passed through during the night. Ra traveled in the sun boat with various other deities. Those deities included Ma'at, who guided the boat's course, and Set and Mehen who defended against monsters in the underworld. These monsters included Apep, an enormous serpent who tried to stop the sun boat's journey every day by consuming it. So, the Ra myth saw the sunrise as the rebirth of the sun by the goddess Nut, the sky, and thus attributed the concept of rebirth and renewal to Ra, strengthening his role as a creator god.

Early in his myths, Ra was said to be married to Hathor, and they were the parents of Horus. Later his myths changed Hathor into Ra's daughter. This featured prominently in a myth, often called The Story of Sekhmet, in which Ra sent Hathor down to punish humanity as Sekhmet.

[edit] Composites

As with most widely worshiped Egyptian deities, Ra's identity often was confused with others as different regional religions were merged in an attempt to unite the country.

Amun and Amun-Ra

Amun was a member of the Ogdoad, representing creation energies with Amaunet, a very early patron of Thebes. He was believed to create via breath, and thus was identified with the wind rather than the sun. As the cults of Amun and Ra became increasingly popular in Upper and Lower Egypt respectively, they were combined to create Amun-Ra, a solar creator god. The name Amun-Ra is reconstructed as *ri:ʕu). It is hard to distinguish exactly when this combination happened, with references being made in pyramid texts to Amun-Ra as early as the fifth dynasty. The most common belief is that Amun-Ra was invented as a new state deity by the (Theban) rulers of the New Kingdom to unite worshipers of Amun with the older cult of Ra, beginning around the eighteenth dynasty.

Atum and Atum-Ra

Atum-Ra (or Ra-Atum) was another composite deity formed from two completely separate deities, however, Ra shared more similarities with Atum than with Amun. Atum was more closely linked with the sun, and also was a creator god of the Ennead. Both Ra and Atum were regarded as the father of the deities and pharaohs, and were widely worshiped.

Ra-Horakhty

In later Egyptian mythology, Ra-Horakhty was more of a title, or manifestation, than a composite diety. It translates as "Ra (who is) Horus of the Horizons". It was intended to link Horakhty (as a sunrise-oriented aspect of Horus) to Ra. It has been suggested that Ra-Horakhty simply refers to the sun's journey from horizon to horizon as Ra, or that it means to show Ra as a symbolic deity of hope and rebirth. (See earlier section: Ra and the sun)

Khepri and Khnum

Khepri was a scarab beetle who rolled up the sun in the mornings, and was sometimes seen as the morning manifestation of Ra. Similarly, the ram-headed god Khnum was also seen as the evening manifestation of Ra. The idea of different deities (or different aspects of Ra) ruling over different times of the day was fairly common, but variable. With Khepri and Khnum taking precedence over sunrise and sunset, Ra often was the representation of midday, when the sun reached its peak at noon. Sometimes different aspects of Horus were used instead of Ra's aspects. In Thelema's Liber Resh vel Helios, Ra represents the rising sun, with Hathor as the midday sun and Tum as the setting sun.^{[citation needed]}

Ptah

Ra rarely was combined with Ptah; the sun "crosses" over Ptah in the underworld before Ptah is reborn, thus there would be no sun-ray when this happens. Other combinations can and do exist, the rising sun with sun ray, and the noon sun with sun ray, and sitting sun with sunray. But as per the Memphite creation myth he was often said to be Ptah's first creation, through his divine will, especially when associated with Atum or Amun.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Worship

His local cult began to grow from roughly the second dynasty, establishing Ra as a sun deity. By the fourth dynasty of Egypt|fourth dynasty]] the pharaohs were seen to be Ra's manifestations on earth, referred to as "Sons of Ra". His worship increased massively in the fifth dynasty, when he became a state deity and pharaohs had specially aligned pyramids, obelisks, and solar temples built in his honour. The first Pyramid Texts began to arise, giving Ra more and more significance in the journey of the pharaoh through the underworld.

By the eleventh dynasty, Ra resembled what would become the Christian deity. Mythology told that he had created the world for humans, and that evil was a result of humankind's actions. In this respect Ra was closely affiliated with Ma'at, goddess of law and truth. It was implied that he would punish the evil after death. The Middle Kingdom saw Ra being increasingly combined and affiliated with other deities, especially Amun and Osiris.

During the New Kingdom, the worship of Ra became more complicated and grand. The walls of tombs were dedicated to extremely detailed texts that told of Ra's journey through the underworld. Ra was then also said to carry the prayers and blessings of the living with the souls of the dead on the sun boat. The New Kingdom appears to be when the idea that Ra aged with the sun was most popular.

Many acts of worship included hymns, prayers, and spells to help Ra and the sun boat overcome Apep.

Though worship of Ra was very widespread, his cult center was in Heliopolis in Lower Egypt, the home of the Ennead that was believed to be the headed by Atum, with whom he was merged. The Holiday of 'The Receiving of Ra' was celebrated on May 26 in the Gregorian calendar.

[edit] Notes

1. ^ (Budge Egyptian Religion p. 29)
2. ^ (Budge Egyptian Religion p. 127)

[edit] Composites

• Collier, Mark and Manley, Bill. How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: Revised Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
• Salaman, Clement, Van Oyen, Dorine, Wharton, William D, and Mahé, Jean-Pierre. The Way of Hermes: New Translations of the Corpus Hermeticum and The Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius. Rochester: Inner Traditions, 1999.

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