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The Papal Coronation is the ceremony in which a new pope is crowned as earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church, sovereign of Vatican City, and Monarch of the Holy See). A three-tiered Triple Crown or Papal Tiara is used in the ceremony.
[edit] RitualWhen a conclave elects a new pope, he assumes all of the rights and authority of the papacy immediately upon his acceptance of election; however, popes traditionally numbered their regnal years from the date of their coronation.[1] Since the Pontificate of Pope John XXIII, all cardinals must be bishops. If, in the past, the newly-elected pope happened not to be a bishop, he would be consecrated at once. Traditionally, the right of consecration went to the senior Cardinal bishop of the College of Cardinals. If already a bishop, there would take place only the solemn benedictio (blessing). Before the coronation, the enthronement of the pope in the Chair of Saint Peter (Cathedra Petri), was performed. This is a very important ceremony, and takes place at St. Peter's Basilica, or in the Church of St. Peter ad Vincula, where there is also a Cathedra Petri. If the election had taken place in St. Peter's Basilica, this ceremony is performed immediately after the election. Its object is to proclaim to the Christian world that the newly-elected pope is the lawful successor of St. Peter. Before this ceremony took place, he was forbidden to take part in the administration of the Church. In 1059 Pope Nicholas II declared that the omission of the enthronization did not prevent the pope from administering the Church. This custom disappeared in the thirteenth century, because in that period the popes seldom resided in Rome (see Avignon papacy). [edit] Coronation MassThe coronation takes place on the first Sunday or Holy Day following the election. It begins with a solemn Papal Mass. During the chanting of Terce, he sits on a throne and all of the cardinals make what is called their "first obeisance" to the pope, approaching one by one and kissing his hand. Then the archbishops and bishops approach and kiss his feet. Following this, at least since the beginning of the sixteenth century, the newly-elected pope is carried in state through St. Peter's Basilica on the sedia gestatoria, under a white canopy, with the papal flabella (ceremonial fans) to either side. However, he does not yet wear the papal tiara, but instead wears a jewelled mitre (the mitra pretiosa). Three times, the procession is stopped, and a bundle of flax lashed to a gilded staff is burnt before the newly-elected pontiff, while a master of ceremonies said: Pater Sancte, sic transit gloria mundi (Holy Father, thus passes the glory of the world).[2] Once at the high altar, he would celebrate Solemn High Mass with full papal ceremonial. After the Confiteor, the pope is seated on a throne and the three senior cardinal bishops approach him in mitres. Each in turn place their hands above him and say the prayer, Super electum Pontificem. Then the senior cardinal deacon place the pallium on his shoulders saying:
In the eleventh and twelfth centuries the immantatio, or bestowal of the mantum (a papal vestment consisting of a very long red cope fastened with an elaborate morse) on the newly elected pope, was regarded as especially symbolic of investiture with papal authority, and was conferred with the words: "I invest thee with the Roman papacy, that thou rule over the city and the world."[3] After the investiture (whether with the pallium or the mantum) the pope again receives the obeisance of the cardinals, archbishops and bishops. Then the Mass continued, and the Litany of the Saints was chanted. [edit] Coronation
The Humeston New Era (Iowa newspaper) After the Mass, the new pope is crowned with the papal tiara. This frequently takes place on the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica, overlooking the crowds gathered in St. Peter's Square. The pope is seated on a throne with the flabella to either side of him. His mitre is removed, and the tiara is presented to the pope by the senior cardinal deacon, with the words:
Then he solemnly places the tiara on the pope's head, and arrange the lappets behind his neck. Following his coronation, the pope pronounces the solemn pontifical blessing, Urbi et Orbi. [edit] Possession
The last act of the innauguration of his new papacy is the formal taking possession (possessio) of his cathedra as Bishop of Rome at the Basilica of St. John Lateran. In ancient times, the pope was enthroned in the same manner as other bishops. He was solemnly conducted to the episcopal throne, by which action he took possession of it. He received the kiss of peace and listened to the reading of a passage of Holy Scripture, whereupon he pronounced an address or sermo inthronisticus. The letters which it was customary for him to send to the other patriarchs in token of his being in communion with them in the same faith, were called litteræ inthronisticæ, or syllabai enthronistikai.[4] However, this rite has been omitted since 1870.[1] Pope Benedict did take possession and emphasized the importance of this ceremony, for the Pope is Bishop of Rome. [edit] Location of the ceremony
The earliest papal coronations took place in St. John Lateran, the pope's cathedral. However, for hundreds of years papal coronations have traditionally taken place in the environs of St. Peter's Basilica, though a number of coronations took place in Avignon, during the Avignon papacy. In 1800 Pope Pius VII was crowned in the crowded church of the Benedictine island monastery of San Giorgio, Venice, after his late predecessor, Pope Pius VI, had been forced into temporary exile during Napoleon Bonaparte's capture of Rome. Since the French seized the tiara along with the previous pope, he was crowned with a papier-mâché tiara, for which the ladies of Venice gave up their jewels. All coronations after 1800 took place in Rome. Until the mid 19th century popes were crowned in St. John Lateran. However public hostility to the Pope in Rome led to the ceremony being moved to the safer St. Peter's Basilica. Leo XIII was crowned in the Sistine Chapel,[5] due to fears that anti-clerical mobs, inspired by Italian unification, might attack the Basilica and disrupt the ceremony. Benedict XV was also crowned in the chapel in 1914. Pius XI was crowned at the dais in front of the High Altar in St. Peter's Basilica. Popes Pius IX, Pius XII, John XXIII and Paul VI all were crowned in public on the balcony of the basilica, facing crowds assembled below in St. Peter's Square. Pius XII's 1939 coronation broke new grounds by being the first to be filmed and the first coronation to be broadcast live on radio.[6] The ceremony, which lasted for six hours, was attended by leading dignitaries; these included the heir to the Italian throne, the Prince of Piedmont, former kings Ferdinand I of Bulgaria and Alfonso XIII of Spain, the Duke of Norfolk (representing King George VI of the United Kingdom) and the Irish Taoiseach Éamon de Valera, the last two being in evening dress (white tie and tails). [edit] Paul VI and the coronation
The last pope to be crowned was Paul VI. Though he decided to cease wearing a papal tiara within weeks of his coronation, and laid his own on the altar of St. Peter's Basilica in a gesture of humility, his 1975 Apostolic Constitution, Romano Pontifici Eligendo, prescribed that "the new pontiff is to be crowned by the senior cardinal deacon."[7] Nevertheless, amid considerable opposition from within the Curia, his successor John Paul I opted not to be crowned, instead choosing to have a less formal Papal Inauguration Mass in September, 1978.[8] [edit] John Paul II and the coronationAfter John Paul I's sudden death following a thirty-three day reign, the new pope John Paul II, opted to copy his predecessor's low-key ceremony rather than reinstate the papal coronation. In his homily at his Inauguration Mass, he said that Paul VI had "left his successors free to decide" whether to wear the papal tiara.[9] He went on:
Critics and supporters of a return to papal coronations interpreted his words "This is not the time" as indicating either that the time for such ancient ceremonial was over in the post-Vatican II era, or that, weeks after the sudden death of Pope John Paul I and barely six weeks after the previous inauguration, 'today' (his inauguration day) was not the time to revert to the previous ceremony, but that a return to a traditional coronation was an option for future popes. Under Roman Catholic canon law any pope is free to change the decrees of his predecessor. John Paul II, in his 1996 Apostolic Constitution, Universi Dominici Gregis, left it up to each future pope to decide whether they wanted an inauguration or a coronation. He wrote:
Nowhere was it stated what form that 'inauguration of a pontificate' would take; both a papal inauguration and a papal coronation technically could be used to inaugurate (ie. ceremonially begin) a pontificate: both ceremonies had been described in the past using such a term. In writing about the 'inauguration of a pontificate' rather than a specific 'inauguration of a pope' the precise form of ceremony future popes may use is left to them individually to decide. John Paul II's only requirement was that some 'solemn ceremony' take place to begin a pontificate. [edit] Traditionalist criticism of Benedict XVI's decision not to be crownedIn 2005 John Paul II's successor, Benedict XVI disappointed some traditionalists when he opted not to have a papal coronation but instead to adopt the papal inauguration ceremony.[11] When asked if the new pope, when shown draft plans for his inauguration, had requested any changes, a Vatican spokesman declined to comment. Some traditionalists also criticised Benedict XVI for failing to take the Papal Oath, the existence of which is disputed, and which films of the 1939, 1958 and 1963 papal coronations shows never featured in those ceremonies. Based on these actions, and others, Sedevacantists even go so far as to charge that Popes Paul VI, John Paul I and II, and Benedict XVI are not legitimate Popes, but rather antipopes. [edit] List of the papal coronations 1153-1963List of all papal coronation between 1153 and 1963[12]: • July 12, 1153 (Rome) – Pope Anastasius IV, crowned by Cardinal Odone Fattiboni, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. • December 5, 1154 (Rome) – Pope Adrian IV, crowned by Cardinal Odone Fattiboni, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. • September 20, 1159 (Nympha) – Pope Alexander III, crowned by Cardinal Odone Fattiboni, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. • October 4, 1159 (abbey of Farfa) – Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164), crowned by (?). On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Icmar, bishop of Tusculum and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • April 26, 1164 (Lucca) – Antipope Paschal III, crowned and consecrated by Henry II of Leez, prince-bishop of Liège (not a cardinal). • September (?), 1168 (Rome) – Antipope Callistus III, crowned by (?) [13] • September 6, 1181 (Velletri) – Pope Lucius III, crowned by Cardinal Giacinto Bobone Orsini, protodeacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin. • December 1, 1185 (Verona) – Pope Urban III, crowned by (?) (probably by Cardinal Ardicio Rivoltella, deacon of S. Teodoro[14]). • October 25, 1187 (Ferrara) – Pope Gregory VIII, crowned by Cardinal Giacinto Bobone Orsini, protodeacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin. On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome, probably by Cardinal Thibaud, bishop of Ostia e Velletri (?). • January 7, 1188 (Pisa) – Pope Clement III, crowned by Cardinal Giacinto Bobone Orsini, protodeacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin. • April 14, 1191 (Rome) – Pope Celestine III, crowned by Cardinal Graziano da Pisa, protodeacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano. On that same day he consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ottaviano di Paoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals • February 22, 1198 (Rome) – Pope Innocent III, crowned by Cardinal Graziano da Pisa, protodeacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano. On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ottaviano di Paoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals • August 31, 1216 (Rome) – Pope Honorius III, crowned by Cardinal Guido Pierleone, protodeacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano. On July 24, he was consecrated bishop of Rome probably by Cardinal Ugolino Conti di Segni, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • April 11, 1227 (Rome) – Pope Gregory IX, crowned by Cardinal Ottaviano dei Conti di Segni, protodeacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco. • June 28, 1243 (Anagni) – Pope Innocent IV, crowned by Cardinal Rainiero Capocci, protodeacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin. On that same day, he was consectrated bishop of Rome, probably by Cardinal Rinaldo Conti di Segni, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals (?). • December 20, 1254 (Naples) – Pope Alexander IV, crowned by Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldeschi, protodeacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria. • September 4, 1261 (Viterbo) – Pope Urban IV, crowned by Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldeschi, protodeacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria. • September 20, 1265 (Viterbo) – Pope Clement IV, crowned by Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldeschi, protodeacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria. • March 23, 1272 (Rome) – Pope Gregory X, crowned by Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano. On March 19 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by (?) (possibly by Cardinal Odo of Châteauroux, bishop of Frascati and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals). • February 22, 1276 (Rome) – Pope Innocent V, crowned by Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano. • September 20, 1276 (Viterbo) – Pope John XXI, crowned by Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, protodeacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano. • December 26, 1277 (Rome) – Pope Nicholas III, crowned by Cardinal Giacomo Savelli, protodeacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin. On December 19 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by (?). • March 23, 1281 (Orvieto) – Pope Martin IV, crowned by Cardinal Giacomo Savelli, protodeacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin. On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. • May 19, 1285 (Rome) – Pope Honorius IV, crowned by Cardinal Goffredo da Alatri, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. • February 22, 1288 (Rome) — Pope Nicholas IV, crowned by Cardinal Matteo Orsini Rosso, protodeacon of S. Maria in Portico. • August 29, 1294 (Aquila) — Pope Celestine V, crowned probably by Cardinal Matteo Orsini Rosso, protodeacon of S. Maria in Portico. On that same day he was concecrated bishop of Rome probably by Cardinal Hugh Aycelin, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Few days later he was crowned again because in the first ceremony participated only three of ten cardinals (the only instance of double papal coronation) • January 23, 1295 (Rome) – Pope Boniface VIII, crowned by Cardinal Matteo Orsini Rosso, protodeacon of S. Maria in Portico. On that same day he was concecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Hugh Aycelin, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • October 27, 1303 (Rome) – Pope Benedict XI, crowned by Cardinal Matteo Orsini Rosso, protodeacon of S. Maria in Portico. • November 14, 1305 (Lyon) – Pope Clement V, crowned by Cardinal Napoleone Orsini Frangipani, protodeacon of S. Adriano. • September 5, 1316 (Lyon) – Pope John XXII, crowned by Cardinal Napoleone Orsini Frangipani, protodeacon of S. Adriano. • May 15, 1328 (Rome) – Antipope Nicholas V, crowned by Giacomo Alberti, pseudocardinal-bishop of Ostia e Velletri. On May 12 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Jacopo Albertini, bishop of Venice. • January 8, 1335 (Avignon) – Pope Benedict XII, crowned by Cardinal Napoleone Orsini Frangipani, protodeacon of S. Adriano. • May 19, 1342 (Avignon) – Pope Clement VI, crowned by Cardinal Raymond Guillaume des Farges, protodeacon of S. Maria Nuova. • December 30, 1352 (Avignon) – Pope Innocent VI, crowned by Cardinal Gaillard de la Mothe, protodeacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio. • November 6, 1362 (Avignon) – Pope Urban V, crowned probably by Cardinal Guillaume de la Jugié, protodeacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin. On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Andouin Aubert, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. • January 3, 1371 (Avignon) – Pope Gregory XI, crowned by Cardinal Rinaldo Orsini, protodeacon of S. Adriano. On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Guy de Boulogne, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • April 18, 1378 (Rome) – Pope Urban VI, crowned by Cardinal Giacomo Orsini, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. • October 31, 1378 (Fondi) – Antipope Clement VII, crowned by Count Onorato Caetani (not a Cardinal). • November 9, 1389 (Rome) – Pope Boniface IX, crowned by Cardinal Tommaso Orsini, protodeacon of S. Maria in Domnica. On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Francesco Moricotti Prignano, bishop of Palestrina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • October 11, 1394 (Avignon) – Antipope Benedict XIII, crowned by Cardinal Pierre de Vergne, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Jean de Neufchatel, bishop of Ostia e Velletri. • November 11, 1404 (Rome) – Pope Innocent VII, crowned by Cardinal Landolfo Maramaldo, protodeacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano. • December 19, 1406 (Rome) – Pope Gregory XII, crowned probably by Cardinal Landolfo Maramaldo, protodeacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano. • July 7, 1409 (Pisa) – Antipope Alexander V, crowned by Cardinal Amadeo Saluzzo, protodeacon of S. Maria Nuova. • May 25, 1410 (Bologna) – Antipope John XXIII, crowned by Cardinal Rinaldo Brancaccio, protodeacon of SS. Vito e Modesto. On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Jean Allarmet de Brogny, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • November 21, 1417 (Constance) – Pope Martin V, crowned by Cardinal Rinaldo Brancaccio, protodeacon of SS. Vito e Modesto. On November 14 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Jean Allarmet de Brogny, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • May 19, 1426 (Peniscola) – Antipope Clement VIII, crowned by (?) • March 11, 1431 (Rome) – Pope Eugenius IV, crowned by Cardinal Lucido Conti, protodeacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin. • June 24, 1440 (Basle) – Antipope Felix V, crowned and consecrated by Cardinal Louis Aleman, priest of S. Cecilia. • March 19, 1447 (Rome) – Pope Nicholas V, crowned by Cardinal Prospero Colonna, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. • April 20, 1455 (Rome) – Pope Callistus III, crowned by Cardinal Prospero Colonna, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. • September 3, 1458 (Rome) – Pope Pius II, crowned by Cardinal Prospero Colonna, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. • September 16, 1464 (Rome) – Pope Paul II, crowned by Cardinal Niccolò Fortiguerra, priest of S. Cecilia. • August 25, 1471 (Rome) – Pope Sixtus IV, crowned by Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, protodeacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano. On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • September 12, 1484 (Rome) – Pope Innocent VIII, crowned by Cardinal Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini, protodeacon of S. Eustachio. • August 26, 1492 (Rome) – Pope Alexander VI, crowned by Cardinal Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini, protodeacon of S. Eustachio. • October 8, 1503 (Rome) – Pope Pius III, crowned by Cardinal Raffaele Riario, protodeacon of S. Lorenzo in Damaso. On October 1 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • November 26, 1503 (Rome) – Pope Julius II, crowned by Giovanni Cardinal Colonna, deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro. • March 19, 1513 (Rome) – Pope Leo X, crowned by Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, protodeacon of S. Eustachio. On March 17 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Raffaele Riario, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • August 31, 1522 (Rome) – Pope Adrian VI, crowned by Marco Cardinal Cornaro, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • November 26, 1523 (Rome) – Pope Clement VII, crowned by Cardinal Marco Cornaro, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • November 3, 1534 (Rome) – Pope Paul III, crowned by Cardinal Innocenzo Cibo, protodeacon of S. Maria in Domnica. • February 22, 1550 (Rome) – Pope Julius III, crowned by Cardinal Innocenzo Cibo, protodeacon of S. Maria in Domnica. • April 10, 1555 (Rome) – Pope Marcellus II, crowned by Cardinal Francesco Pisani, protodeacon of S. Marco. On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • May 26, 1555 (Rome) – Pope Paul IV, crowned by Cardinal Francesco Pisani, protodeacon of S. Marco. • January 6, 1560 (Rome) – Pope Pius IV, crowned by Alessandro Cardinal Farnese, protodeacon of S. Lorenzo in Damaso. • January 17, 1566 (Rome) – Pope Pius V, crowned by Cardinal Giulio Feltre della Rovere, protodeacon of S. Pietro in Vincoli • May 25, 1572 (Rome) – Pope Gregory XIII, crowned by Cardinal Innocenzo del Monte, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • May 1, 1585 (Rome) – Pope Sixtus V, crowned by Cardinal Ferdinando de’ Medici, deacon of S. Maria in Domnica. • December 8, 1590 (Rome) – Pope Gregory XIV, crowned by Cardinal Andreas von Austria, protodeacon of S. Maria Nuova. • November 3, 1591 (Rome) – Pope Innocent IX, crowned by Cardinal Andreas von Austria, protodeacon of S. Maria Nuova. • February 9, 1592 (Rome) – Pope Clement VIII, crowned by Cardinal Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora, deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. On February 2 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Alfonso Gesualdo, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • April 29, 1605 (Rome) – Pope Leo XI, crowned by Cardinal Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • May 29, 1605 (Rome) – Pope Paul V, crowned by Cardinal Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • February 14, 1621 (Rome) – Pope Gregory XV, crowned by Cardinal Andrea Baroni Peretti Montalto, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • September 29, 1623 (Rome) – Pope Urban VIII, crowned by Cardinal Alessandro d'Este, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • October 4, 1644 (Rome) – Pope Innocent X, crowned by Cardinal Carlo de Medici, protodeacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano. • April 16, 1655 (Rome) – Pope Alexander VII, crowned by Cardinal Teodoro Trivulzio, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • June 26, 1667 (Rome) – Pope Clement IX, crowned by Cardinal Rinaldo d'Este, protodeacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano. • May 11, 1670 (Rome) – Pope Clement X, crowned by Cardinal Francesco Maidalchini, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • October 4, 1676 (Rome) – Pope Innocent XI, crowned by Cardinal Francesco Maidalchini, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • October 16, 1689 (Rome) – Pope Alexander VIII, crowned by Cardinal Francesco Maidalchini, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • July 15, 1691 (Rome) – Pope Innocent XII, crowned by Cardinal Urbano Sacchetti, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • December 8, 1700 (Rome) – Pope Clement XI, crowned by Cardinal Benedetto Pamphilj, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. On November 30 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal de Bouillon, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • May 18, 1721 (Rome) – Pope Innocent XIII, crowned by Cardinal Benedetto Pamphilj, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • June 4, 1724 (Rome) – Pope Benedict XIII, crowned by Cardinal Benedetto Pamphilj, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • July 16, 1730 (Rome) – Pope Clement XII, crowned by Cardinal Lorenzo Altieri, protodeacon of S. Agata in Suburra. • August 21, 1740 (Rome) – Pope Benedict XIV, crowned by Cardinal Carlo Maria Marini, deacon of S. Agata in Suburra. • July 16, 1758 (Rome) – Pope Clement XIII, crowned by Cardinal Alessandro Albani, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • June 4, 1769 (Rome) – Pope Clement XIV, crowned by Cardinal Alessandro Albani, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. On May 28 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Federico Marcello Lante, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • February 22, 1775 (Rome) – Pope Pius VI, crowned by Cardinal Alessandro Albani, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Giovanni Francesco Cardinal Albani, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • March 21, 1800 (Venice) – Pope Pius VII, crowned by Cardinal Antonio Doria Pamphilj, protodeacon of S. Maria ad Martyres. • October 5, 1823 (Rome) – Pope Leo XII, crowned by Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. • April 5, 1829 (Rome) – Pope Pius VIII, crowned by Cardinal Giuseppe Albani, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata • February 6, 1831 (Rome) – Pope Gregory XVI, crowned by Cardinal Giuseppe Albani, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Bartolomeo Pacca, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. • June 21, 1846 (Rome) – Pope Pius IX, crowned by Cardinal Tommaso Riario Sforza, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata • March 3, 1878 (Rome) – Pope Leo XIII, crowned by Cardinal Teodolfo Mertel, deacon of S. Eustachio • August 9, 1903 (Rome) – Pope Pius X, crowned by Cardinal Luigi Macchi, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata • September 6, 1914 (Rome) – Pope Benedict XV, crowned by Cardinal Francesco Salesio Della Volpe, protodeacon of S. Maria in Aquiro • February 12, 1922 (Rome) – Pope Pius XI, crowned by Cardinal Gaetano Bisleti, protodeacon of S. Agata in Suburra • March 12, 1939 (Rome, Vatican City) – Pope Pius XII, crowned by Cardinal Camillo Caccia-Dominioni, protodeacon of S. Maria in Domnica • November 4, 1958 (Rome, Vatican City) – Pope John XXIII, crowned by Cardinal Nicola Canali, protodeacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano • June 30, 1963 (Rome, Vatican City) – Pope Paul VI, crowned by Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani, protodeacon of S. Maria in Domnica (the last papal coronation). [edit] Footnotes
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