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Ottoman Syria refers to the Levant within the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918. Syria in the Ottoman era included modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, Jordan, parts of Iraq, and several provinces of Turkey.
[edit] HistoryBefore 1516, historical or Greater Syria was part of the Mamluk Empire centered in Egypt. The Ottoman Sultan Selim I conquered Syria in 1516 after defeating the Mamlukes at the Battle of Marj Dabiq near Aleppo in northern Syria. Selim carried on his victorious campaign against the Mamlukes and conquered Egypt in 1517 after the Battle of Ridanieh, bringing an end to the Mamluk Sultanate. [edit] Timeline1516 Syria conquered by Ottomans. 1610 the first Arabic printing press in the Arab world founded in Dayr-Qazahya by Maronite monks. 1622 Fakhr ad-Din al-Ma'ni, prince of Shouf in Mount Lebanon, defeates at the Battle of Anjar an army led by the Wali (governor) of Damascus Mustafa Pasha. 1624 occupied with threat from the Safavids of Iran, the Ottomans agree to make Fakhr ad-Din governor over a region extending from Aleppo to Arish. During his rule, Fakhr ad-Din initiates political and cultural relations with Europe. 1633 the Wali of Damascus Ahmed Pasha leads a campaign against Fakhr ad-Din from both land and sea. 1635 Fakhr ad-Din hanged in Damascus. 1702 an Arabic press founded in Aleppo by patriarch Athanasius of Aleppo. 1755 French Lazarist monks open first mission school in Damascus. 1800 Nasif al-Yaziji born in Kfarshima. 1822 Aleppo severely damaged by an earthquake. 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt invades Syria. 1832 an Egyptian Army lead by İbrahim Pasha marches on Anatolia and defeates an Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Reshid Pasha at the Battle of Konya. 1833 western powers broker the Convention of Kutahya. The terms require Muhammad Ali to withdraw his troops from Anatolia and receive the territories of Syria, Crete, and Hijaz in exchange. 1839 war again between Muhammad Ali and the Ottomans. 1840 western powers force Muhammad Ali to withdraw from Syria after the Convention of London. 1840 The Tanzimat reforms begin to have an impact in Syria. 1840 secterian clashes in Mount Lebanon between Druze and Christian Maronites. 1847 the Syrian Association founded in Beirut. 1854 Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi born in Aleppo. _Dervish,_Syrian_Peasant,_Young_Druse_Woman,_Karvass_(Police_Officer)_in_Damascus.jpg)
1855 the first Syrian newspaper founded in Istanbul by Rizq-Allah Hassoun. 1855 the first printing press in Damascus. 1860 clashes between Druze and Maronites in Mount Lebanon and Damascus. 1860 Butrus al-Bustani starts in Beirut the Nafir Surya newspaper (the reveille of Syria). 1861 European powers led by France intervene on the side of the Maronites and force the Ottomans to establish the Maronite-dominated Mutesarrifiyyet of Mount Lebanon. 1861 Damascus connected with Istanbul by telegraph cable. 1864 government printing press established in Damascus. 1865 the first government newspaper issued in Damascus under the name Syria. 1867 the first government newspaper issued in Aleppo under the name Al-Furat. 1868 the American University in Beirut established under the name of the Syrian Protestant College. 1868 the Syrian Scientific Society founded in Beirut. 1874 Jerusalem becomes a Mutesarrifiyyet gaining a special administrative status. 1877–1878 the Russo-Turkish War causes increased taxation in Syria. 1877 the Shahba' pro-secular newspaper founded in Aleppo by al-Kawakbi. 1883 Khalil Gibran born in Bsharri. 1893 a fire destroyed the Great Mosque of Damascus. 1895 construction of railway line Damascus-Rayek; in 1906 Rayek-Aleppo. 1895 construction of railway Beirut-Damascus. 1900-1908 construction of Railroad Damascus-Medina. 1914 Ottomans fight on the side of the Central Powers in WW1. 1915-1917 famine in Syria resulting in up to 500,000 deaths due to severe shortage of supplies. 1916 the Sykes-Picot Agreement foresees the partition of Syria between Britain and France. 1916 the Mutasarrifiyet of Mount Lebanon abolished. 1917 the Balfour Declaration foresees a Jewish state in Palestine. 1918 Forces of the Arab Revolt enter Damascus accompanied by British troops ending 400 years of Ottoman rule. [edit] Administrative Divisions
see also Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire When he first seized Syria in 1516, Selim I kept the administrative subdivisions of the Mamluk period unchanged. After he came back from Egypt in July 1517, he reorganized Syria into one large province or Eyalet named Şam (Arabic/Turkish for "Syria"). The Eyalet was subdivided into several districts or Sanjaks. 1549 In 1549, Syria was reorganized into two Eyalets. The northern Sanjak of Aleppo became the center of the new Eyalet of Aleppo. At this time, the two Syrian Eyalets were subdivided as follows: 1579 In 1579, the Eyalet of Tripoli was established under the name of Tripoli of Syria (Turkish:Trablusşam) (Arabic: طرابلس الشام). At this time, the Eyalets became as follows:
1586 In 1586, the Eyalet of Raqqa was established in eastern Syria. It lasted until the Egyptian invasion in 1831. 1660 The Eyalet of Safad was established in 1660. It was later renamed the Eyalet of Sidon, and later, the Eyalet of Beirut. 1861 Under European pressure, mainly from France, an Ottoman edict issued in 1861 (effective in 1864) made Mount Lebanon a Mutesarrifiyyet governed by a Mutasarrıf. This meant that the majorly Maronite mountain was no longer subordinate to any of the surrounding Eyalets. The edict also granted that the Mutasarrıf be Christian. These reforms came after a sectarian war in the mountain between the Maronites and the Druze, the latters were supposidly backed by the Ottomans. 1864 As part of the Tanzimat reforms, an Ottoman law passed in 1864 provided for a standard provincial administration throughout the empire with the Eyalets becoming smaller Vilayets governed by a Wali or governor still appointed by the Porte but with new provincial assemblies participating in administration. 1874 In 1874, Jerusalem became a Mutesarrifiyyet gaining a special administrative status. 1877 In 1877, the subdivisions of Syria were as follows:
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