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The New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada) was the name given to a group of 16th century Spanish colonial provinces in northern South America governed by the Audiencia of Bogotá, an area corresponding mainly to modern Colombia. Originally part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, it became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. It ceased to exist altogether with the Viceroyalty's end in 1819 and the establishment of an independent Republic of Colombia.
[edit] History
[edit] AntecedentsIn 1514, the Spanish first permanently settled in the area. With Santa Marta (founded on July 29, 1525 by the Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas) and Cartagena (1533), Spanish control of the coast was established, and the extension of colonial control into the interior could begin. Starting in 1536, the conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada explored the extensive highlands of the interior of the region, by following the Magdalena River into the Andean cordillera. There his force defeated the powerful Chibcha people and founding the city of Santa Fé de Bogotá (c. 1538, currently Bogotá) and naming the region El nuevo reino de Granada, "the new kingdom of Granada", in honor of the last part of Spain to be conquered, the kingdom of Granada which had existed until 1492. Quesada, however, lost control of the province when Emperor Charles V granted the right to rule over the area to rival conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar in 1540, who had entered the region from what is today Ecuador, and established himself as governor of Popayán. [edit] EstablishmentBelalcázar's victory placed the region under the Viceroyalty of Peru, which was being organized at the time. However, because it was at large distances from either Lima or Santo Domingo, the Spanish Crown realized that the newly settled area need its own government. It therefore, ordered the establishment of an Audiencia, a type of superior court that combined executive and judicial authority, at Santa Fé de Bogotá in 1549. Initially the body as a whole held executive power, but this proved ineffective. Despite several royal inspectors (visitadores) sent to improve its function, its performance did not improve, so executive power was centralized in one officer, the Audiencia "president," who was also made governor and captain general in 1564. (For this reason the region was also referred to as a presidencia in the language of the time.) With these two offices the president oversaw the civilian government and the headed the command of the Kingdom's military forces. The Audiencia's jurisdiction defined the boundaries of the new kingdom. [edit] Functions and Territory of the AudienciaLaw VIII ("Royal Audiencia and Chancellery of Santa Fe in the New Kingdom of Granada") of Title XV ("Of the Royal Audiencias and Chancelleries of the Indies") of Book II of the Recopilación de Leyes de las Indias of 1680—which compiles the decrees of July 17, 1549; May 10, 1554; and August 1, 1572—describes the limits and functions of the Audiencia.[1]
The the governor-president was loosely dependent upon the Viceroy of Peru at Lima in administrative matters, but the slowness of communications between the two capitals led to the establishment of an independent Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717 (and its reestablishment in 1739 after a short interruption), under the Bourbon kings. The governor-president of Bogotá became the viceroy of the new entity, with oversight over the neighboring Presidency of Quito and the provinces of Venezuela. [edit] Administrative divisions
The New Kingdom was organized into several Governments and Provinces:
[edit] Main citiesThe largest cities of the New Kingdom of Granada in the 1791 Census were
[edit] See also[edit] Bibliography
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