El directorio enciclopédico desde la Wikipedia.
Moldovan (also Moldavian) (limba moldovenească), written in the Latin script, is the official language of the Republic of Moldova.[1][2][3] It is essentially identical to Romanian, with both sharing the literary standard.[4] Written in the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet[5], Moldovan (лимба молдовеняскэ) is also one of the three official languages of the breakaway territory of Transnistria.[6] The Constitution of Moldova (Title I, Article 13) states that the Moldovan language is the official language of the country. In Moldova's Declaration of Independence the state language was called Romanian.[7] A group of Romanian linguists adopted a resolution stating that promotion of the notion of Moldovan language is an unscientific campaign.[8] The "Moldavian speech" (graiul moldovenesc, in older sources limba moldovenească) is a different concept[citation needed]: It refers to a northern variety of spoken Romanian, spread approximately within the territory of the former Principality of Moldavia (now split between Moldova and Romania). The Moldavian variety is considered one of the five major spoken varieties of Romanian, all five being written identically. There is no particular linguistic break at the Prut River.[citation needed] The standard alphabet of the language is the Latin alphabet (currently official in the Republic of Moldova). Before 1989, various versions of Cyrillic had been used (including the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet). As of 2007, this remains in use only in Transnistria. Moldavian was assigned code
[edit] History and politics
The history of the Moldovan language in Moldova is closely tied to the region's political status, with long periods of rule by Russia and the Soviet Union influencing the language's name and (when Cyrillic script was in use) orthography. The concept of the distinction of Moldovan from Romanian was explicitly stated only in the early 20th century, and accompanied the raising of national awareness among Moldovans.[10] Major recent developments include the passing to a Latin script from Cyrillic in 1989 and several changes in the statutory name of the language used in Moldova. At one point of particular confusion about identity in the 1990s, all references to geography in the name of the language were dropped, and it was officially known simply as limba de stat - "the state language". [edit] Linguistic aspectsThere are, however, regional differences in the colloquial spoken language. The Moldovan dialect/variety is common in the Republic of Moldova, as well as in Chernivtsi Oblast and Budjak region of Ukraine, and in eight counties of Romania, territories that once made up the medieval Principality of Moldavia. The difference between the language spoken in Chişinău and Iaşi and the language spoken for example in Bucharest could be roughly compared to that between Standard British and Scottish or American English.[citation needed] Others have argued that these differences might be found within any linguistic territory.[citation needed] According to a report issued by the Academy of science of the Republic of Moldova in 1994, the correct name of the language is Romanian.[citation needed] [edit] Controversy
The matter of whether or not "Moldovan" is a separate language is a contested political issue within and beyond the Republic of Moldova. The 1989 Language Law of the Moldavian SSR, which is still in force in Moldova (according to the Constitution,[11]) asserts the existence of a "linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity".[12] Article 13 of the Moldovan Constitution, names it "the national language of the country" (the original Moldovan/Romanian uses the term limba de stat, which literally means the language of the state, or official language, thus avoiding the term national, whose sense is that of ethnicity). In the breakaway region of Transnistria, it is co-official with Ukrainian and Russian. Despite the official nomenclature, standard "Moldovan" is widely considered to be identical to the standard Romanian.[13] Writing about "essential differences", Vasile Stati, supporter of Moldovenism, is obliged to concentrate almost exclusively on lexical rather than grammatical differences. Whatever language distinctions may once have existed, these have been decreasing rather than increasing: "... in the main, Moldovan in its standard form was more Romanian by the 1980s than at any point in its history".[14] In 2002, the Moldovan Minister of Justice, Ion Morei, said that Romanian and "Moldovan" are the same language and that the Constitution of Moldova should be amended, not necessarily by changing the word Moldovan into Romanian, but by adding that "Romanian and Moldovan are the same language".[15] Education Minister Valentin Beniuc said, "I have stated more than once that the notion of a Moldovan language and a Romanian language reflects the same linguistic phenomenon in essence."[16] The President of Moldova, Vladimir Voronin, acknowledged that the two languages are identical, but said that Moldovans should have the right to call their language "Moldovan".[17] In the 2004 census, out of the 3,383,332 people living in Moldova, 60% chose Moldovan as their mother tongue, whereas only 16.5% chose Romanian. While 37% of all urban Romanian/Moldovan speakers chose Romanian as their mother tongue, in the countryside barely one in seven Romanian/Moldovan speakers indicated Romanian as his mother tongue.[18] When reporting on EU Council deliberations regarding an agreement between the European Community and Moldova, the Romanian rapporteur Jean Marin Marinescu included a recommendation not to make references to the Moldovan language.[19] This led to speculation in the Romanian press that supposedly the EU banned the usage of the term "Moldovan language."[20] However, the European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, Benita Ferrero-Waldner, denied these allegations and stated that the Moldovan language is referred to in the 1998 Cooperation Agreement between the EU and Moldova and hence it is considered a part of the acquis, binding to all member states. [21] [edit] Orthography
Moldovan was generally written in a Romanian Cyrillic alphabet[citation needed][dubious ] before the 20th century, but Latin was also occasionally used. In the interwar period, Soviet authorities alternately used Latin or Cyrillic for writing the language, mirroring the political goals of the moment. Between 1941 and 1989, i.e. during the Soviet rule, Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet replaced Latin as the official alphabet in Moldova (then Moldavian SSR).[22] In 1989, Latin script was adopted again, along with the orthographic rules used in Romania at the time. [edit] Notes
[edit] References
[edit] Further reading
[edit] External links
Página espejo de la Wikipedia Directorio de Enlaces Directorio dmoz Directorio espejo dmoz Pedro Bernardo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
