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In political geography, an enclave is a piece of land which is totally surrounded by a foreign territory, and an exclave is one which is politically attached to a larger piece but not actually contiguous with it. Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but there are examples of areas being one but not the other.
See Enclave and exclave for a more detailed definition of enclave, exclave, "Practical" enclave, "Practical" exclave, and Inaccessible districts.
[edit] Enclaves which are also exclaves
- Argentina — Isla Martín García (34°11′S 58°16′W / -34.183, -58.267) is surrounded by Uruguayan territorial waters in the Río de la Plata. In addition, the Argentine islands of Apipé (27°30′S 56°54′W / -27.5, -56.9) and Entre Ríos are surrounded by Paraguayan territorial waters in the Paraná river, as are some small islets.
- Armenia/Azerbaijan — In Armenia, there exist three Azerbaijani exclaves. Barxudarli (41°00′N 45°13′E / 41, 45.217) and Yuxari Askipara (41°04′N 45°01′E / 41.067, 45.017) are in north-eastern Armenia. The other one, Karki (39°48′N 44°58′E / 39.8, 44.967), is located north of the region of Nakhchivan (which is a detached fragment of Azerbaijan stuck between Armenia, Iran and Turkey). Reciprocally, there exists one Armenian exclave, a village called Artsvashen in north-western Azerbaijan (40°38′N 45°31′E / 40.633, 45.517).
- Bangladesh/India — On the India-Bangladesh border in the Indian district of Cooch-Behar, there are 92 Bangladeshi exclaves, with a total area of 47.7 km². Similarly, there are 106 Indian exclaves inside Bangladesh, with a total area of 69.5 km². Twenty-one of the Bangladeshi exclaves are within Indian exclaves, and three of the Indian exclaves are within Bangladeshi exclaves. The largest Indian exclave, Balapara Khagrabari, surrounds a Bangladeshi exclave, Upanchowki Bhajni, which itself surrounds an Indian exclave called Dahala Khagrabari, of less than one hectare. See link to external map here.
- Belgium/Netherlands — The town of Baarle (51°26′N 4°56′E / 51.433, 4.933) in the southern Netherlands is made up of the municipality of Baarle-Hertog, a group of 22 Belgian enclaves within the Netherlands; and of the Dutch municipality of Baarle-Nassau, which itself has one enclave in the main body of Belgium and 7 counter-enclaves inside two of the Belgian enclaves.
- Bosnia and Herzegovina — The town of Sastavci (part of Rudo municipality, Foča Region) is completely surrounded by the Serbian municipality of Priboj, in Zlatibor District.
- Croatia - The county of Dubrovnik-Neretva is separated from the rest of Croatia by the Neum municipality of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and so is technically an enclave; however, it's connected with the mainland via Croatian territorial waters.
- Cyprus — The villages of Ormidhia and Xylotymvou (34°59′N 33°47′E / 34.983, 33.783) are surrounded by the British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. Inside this base, the Dhekalia Power Station also belongs to Cyprus, even though the station is surrounded by British land and is also divided in two by a road which is under British sovereignty.
- Germany — Büsingen, Germany (47°42′N 8°42′E / 47.7, 8.7) is an exclave in the canton of Schaffhausen, northern Switzerland. Germany also has a group of 5 enclaves created by a railway track between the towns of Roetgen and Monschau (south of Aachen) that was granted Belgian sovereignty.
- Israel — Mount Scopus was a true enclave of Israeli territory within East Jerusalem between 1949 and 1967. While Israel has controlled the whole of Jerusalem since 1967, the exact status of East Jerusalem is disputed so Mount Scopus may still be considered an enclave.
- Italy — The town of Campione (45°58′N 8°58′E / 45.967, 8.967) is enclaved in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland, although in practice it is administered as part of Switzerland. It is part of Swiss customs, uses the Swiss franc, its inhabitants have to pay income tax to Italy, though in a reduced measure, and it is under Italian sovereignty.
- Kyrgyzstan/Tajikistan/Uzbekistan — The Fergana Valley, a region where the three countries meet, has a large number of enclaves. Barak, a small Kyrgyz village, is surrounded by Uzbekistan. Reciprocally, the Uzbek towns of Sokh (39°58′N 71°08′E / 39.967, 71.133) and Shakhimardan as well as the two tiny territories of Qalacha and Khalmion (north of Sokh) are all surrounded by Kyrgyz territory. Also, the Tajik village of Sarvan is in Uzbek territory and the Tajik village of Vorukh (39°52′N 70°39′E / 39.867, 70.65) along with another small piece of land near Kairagach are embodied in Kyrgyz land.
- Malawi — Chizumulu Island and Likoma Island (12°02′S 34°40′E / -12.033, 34.667) are located within Mozambican territorial waters in Lake Malawi.
- Oman/United Arab Emirates — Madha (25°19′N 56°14′E / 25.317, 56.233) is an Omani territory enclaved in the UAE, which in turn hosts the tiny territory of Nahwa, a UAE enclave within Madha.
- Russia — In the eastern part of Belarus, the Russian exclave of Sankovo-Medvezhye (52°29′N 31°33′E / 52.483, 31.55) is made up of two villages.
- Spain — The town of Llívia (42°28′N 1°59′E / 42.467, 1.983), an exclave in southern France near Font-Romeu, east of Andorra and close to Puigcerda.
- Uruguay — The Filomena Islands, which are surrounded by Argentinian territorial waters in the Uruguay River.
[edit] Subnational enclaves which are also exclaves
Many of the administrative divisions of the Principality of Liechtenstein have exclaves, some of which are enclaves.
- In Australia, the Australian Capital Territory is an enclave of New South Wales. The ACT also administers the separate coastal enclave of Jervis Bay on the New South Wales south coast. The Australian constitution (written before the founding of the ACT) specified that the site for the national capital should be wholly within New South Wales.
- In Azerbaijan, the Raion of Abşeron has an exclave within Baku.
- In Ethiopia, the Benishangul-Gumuz Region has two exclaves in the Oromia Region.
- In France:
- In Germany, the city of Bremerhaven is an exclave of Bremen federal state, which is altogether an enclave in Lower Saxony.
- In India, the union territory of Puducherry (ex-Pondicherry) comprises four districts: (Puducherry and Karaikal in the state of Tamil Nadu), Yanam in the state of Andra Pradesh, and Mahé in the state of Kerala. The four districts of Pondicherry were French colonies until 1954. Until 1952, France maintained a fifth colony in India, Chandannagar, which also reported to the Governor of Pondicherry, and which was an enclave in Bengal, just upriver from Calcutta.
- In Italy, part of the Città di Castello comune, in the region Umbria is completely surrounded by region Marche.
- In Liechtenstein, many Gemeinden (municipalities) are fragmented (see map, right). There are three exclaves which are also enclaves: Planken and Vaduz each have one in Schaan, and Schaan has one in Planken.
- In Norway, the municipality of Malvik, Sør-Trøndelag has two small exclaves (the Jøsås farms) in the neighbouring municipality of Stjørdal, Nord-Trøndelag. As the municipalities are also in different counties, this also implies that small parts of Sør-Trøndelag are enclaves in Nord-Trøndelag. The municipality of Sandefjord has one exclave, Himberg, inside the neighbouring municipality of Larvik.
- In Panama:
- In Spain:
- In South Africa, the Eastern Cape Province has an exclave which is an enclave in KwaZulu-Natal Province, containing the town of Umzimkulu.
- In Sweden many municipalities have exclaves (most notably the municipalities of Dalarna County). At least eleven of the exclaves are also exclaves of the first subnational, county, level:
- In Switzerland:
- Aargau — Kloster Fahr is a tiny exclave of Baden district, surrounded by the canton of Zürich.
- Appenzell Innerrhoden — This canton has three exclaves, one of which, Grimmenstein, is enclaved by Appenzell Ausserrhoden.
- Berne — Münchenwiler, part of Laupen district, is entirely surrounded by the canton of Fribourg.
- Fribourg — Broye district has three exclaves separated by Vaud, of which two (Surpierre and Vuissens) are enclaves, and the other is bounded by Vaud and Lake Neuchâtel. Another enclave from See district – Wallenbuch – lies within the canton of Berne.
- Geneva — This canton has two small exclaves within Vaud, together forming the commune of Céligny. The larger has a shoreline on Lake Geneva.
- Solothurn — Steinhof is an exclave of this canton, enclaved by the canton of Berne.
- In Ukraine, the city of Slavutych is located geographically in the Chernihiv Oblast district, but is a political part of Kiev Oblast, thus forming an exclave.
- In the United States of America:
- In Alaska, the community of Klukwan is surrounded by Haines Borough, even though the community is part of the Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, which is in turn part of the Unorganized Borough.
- In Colorado, Arapahoe County has two exclaves within the City and County of Denver, one of which is the city of Glendale.
- District of Columbia — Reagan National Airport was built on reclaimed land in the Potomac River. The District's boundary with Virginia runs to the high-water mark on the south side of the river. Therefore, until 1945, the site was considered to be an exclave of the District. Since then, the airport is officially deemed to be part of Arlington County, Virginia but it is under exclusive federal jurisdiction and is administered as if still part of the District.
- Michigan - The community of Dakota Heights, a part of Portage Township is an enclave in Houghton
- New York — The historic extent of Ellis Island belongs to Manhattan (New York County), but the surrounding portion created by infill belongs to Hudson County, New Jersey [2]. Liberty Island (site of the Statue of Liberty) also lies on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River.
- The lands within numerous Indian reservations have been fragmented, with privately owned real estate intermixed with tribal, city, county, state, and federal authorities in a bewildering array of jurisdictional geographies.
[edit] Enclaves which are not exclaves
See also List of countries that border only one other country.
Some enclaves are sovereign states, completely surrounded by another one, and therefore not exclaves. Three such sovereign countries exist:
Also, the disputed Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh is an enclave in Azerbaijan. The region is under the military control of local Armenians, with tacit backing from the government of Armenia. Nagorno-Karabakh has declared itself independent, but no other government (including Armenia) has recognised this status.
[edit] Subnational enclaves which are not exclaves
- In Australia:
- In Austria, Vienna is an enclave in Lower Austria. Interestingly, Vienna was also Lower Austria's capital until 1986.
- In Azerbaijan, Several cities are administratively separate from the rayons and form enclaves. These include Mingachevir, Naftalan, Shaki, Khankendi/Stepanakert (in Nagorno-Karabakh), Yevlakh, and Nakhichevan.
- In Belarus, Minsk city is an enclave in Minsk Province.
- In Belgium, the Brussels-Capital Region is an enclave within the Flemish Region, and within the province of Flemish Brabant.
- In Brazil:
- In Cambodia, Phnom Penh Municipality is surrounded by Kandal Province.
- In Canada: In Quebec, the city of Westmount, the town of Mount Royal, and, collectively, the municipalities of Hampstead, Côte Saint-Luc and Montreal West (Montréal-Ouest) are all enclaves in the city of Montreal.
- In Colombia: In the Capital District, La Candelaria municipality is an enclave of SantaFé.
- In the Czech Republic, Prague is not part of the Central Bohemian Region, although it is the region's capital.
- In Denmark, Frederiksberg is an enclave of Copenhagen.
- In Ethiopia, Addis Ababa city and Harari Region are two of the four enclaves in Oromia Region.
- In Finland: In Uusimaa region, the town of Kauniainen is enclosed by the city of Espoo. The two are located west of Helsinki, in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.
- In France: In Côtes-d'Armor département, the commune of Plessix-Balisson is surrounded by the commune of Ploubalay.
- In Germany:
- In Hungary: the city of Budapest is an enclave within Pest County, of which it is the capital (although it does not form part of it).
- In India: the city of Dadra, an exclave of the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, is a true enclave of the state of Gujarat.
- In Kazakhstan, the cities of Almaty, Astana, and Baikonur are administratively separate from the provinces in which they are enclaved.
- In Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek is an independent city within Chuy Province, although it is the province's capital.
- In Latvia, the cities of Daugavpils, Jelgava, Rēzekne, and Riga are surrounded by and independent from the districts with the same names.
- In Lithuania, a few city municipalities are enclaved in the district municipalities of the same names, including Šiauliai, Panevėžys, and Alytus.
- In Malaysia, the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya are enclaves of the sultanate of Selangor.
- In Mali, the Bamako Capital District is enclaved in Koulikoro Region.
- In Mexico, in the state of Nuevo León, the municipality of Hualahuises is surrounded by the municipality of Linares.
- In Mongolia, the municipality of Ulaanbaatar is surrounded by but independent from Töv Province.
- In New Zealand, the Kawerau District territorial authority is completely surrounded by the Whakatane District.
- In Niger, the capital district of Niamey is surrounded by the department of Tillabéri.
- In the Republic of China:
- In Romania, Bucureşti-Ilfov development region is enclaved by the Sud (South) development region. The municipality of Bucharest is also an enclave of Ilfov County.
- In Russia:
- In South Korea, Gwangju city is surrounded by Jeollanam-do province.
- In Switzerland, the two half-cantons of Appenzell are enclaved by the Canton of St. Gallen. Appenzell Innerrhoden is mostly surrounded by Appenzell Ausserrhoden, and both are completely surrounded by St Gall.
- In Syria, the governorate of Damascus is surrounded by the governorate of Rif Dimashq.
- In Tajikistan, the Dushanbe RRS is enclaved by Karotegin province.
- In Trinidad and Tobago, the Borough of Arima is surrounded by the Tunapuna-Piarco Regional Corporation.
- In Ukraine, the city of Kiev is independent of surrounding Kiev Oblast, although it is the oblast's administrative center.
- In the United Kingdom:
- In the United States of America:
- In Alaska, Ketchikan Gateway Borough is surrounded in all directions by the Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan Census Area of the Unorganized Borough.
- In Arizona:
- In Arkansas, the City of Cammack Village is an enclave of Little Rock.
- In California:
- In Florida, the town of Baldwin is an enclave within the city of Jacksonville. The Village of Lazy Lake, Florida is contained entirely within the borders of the city of Wilton Manors.
- In Georgia (U.S. state), Payne City is an enclave within the city of Macon, similarly Remerton is an encalve of Valdosta.
- In Indiana, after the creation of Unigov (the merged government of Indianapolis and Marion County) in 1970, four communities that did not fully merge with Indianapolis – Beech Grove, Lawrence, Southport, and Speedway – became enclaves of Indianapolis.
- In Kansas, the city of Eastborough is entirely surrounded by Wichita
- In Kentucky, when the governments of Louisville and Jefferson County merged in 2003, a bewildering array of enclaves was created, as all other incorporated cities in Jefferson County retained their status as separate cities.[1]
- The following enclaves existed in pre-merger Louisville:
- Three other cities were, and still are, enclaved in cities other than Louisville:
- The merger created many other enclaves within the portion of Louisville Metro that includes pre-merger Louisville but excludes all other pre-existing cities, an entity defined by the United States Census Bureau as the "Louisville-Jefferson County balance":
- Creekside
- Fincastle
- Hickory Hill
- Hollow Creek
- Hollyvilla
- Lynnview
- Shively
- Spring Mill
- Thornhill
- The combination of Cambridge, Houston Acres, Lincolnshire, and St. Regis Park
- The combination of Minor Lane Heights and South Park View
- The combination of Poplar Hills, Watterson Park, and West Buechel
- The aforementioned cities of Middletown, Norbourne Estates, Richlawn, and St. Matthews are part of a large enclave within the "balance", which also includes Anchorage, Bancroft, Barbourmeade, Beechwood Village, Bellemeade, Bellewood, Blue Ridge Manor, Broeck Pointe, Brownsboro Farm, Brownsboro Village, Crossgate, Douglass Hills, Druid Hills, Forest Hills, Glenview, Glenview Manor, Goose Creek, Graymoor-Devondale, Hurstbourne, Hurstbourne Acres, Indian Hills, Jeffersontown, Langdon Place, Lyndon, Manor Creek, Maryhill Estates, Meadow Vale, Meadowbrook Farm, Mockingbird Valley, Moorland, Murray Hill, Northfield, Norwood, Old Brownsboro Place, Plantation, Riverwood, Rolling Fields, Rolling Hills, Spring Valley, Sycamore, Ten Broeck, Westwood, Wildwood, Windy Hills, and Woodlawn Park. The boundary of this enclave is irregular enough that several portions of the "balance" are themselves enclaves of this area. Note also that the entire Ohio River between the northern and southern low-water marks is part of the "balance", not this enclave.
- In Michigan:
- In Missouri, the cities of Gladstone and North Kansas City are separately surrounded by Kansas City.
- In Montana, when the governments of Butte and Silver Bow County merged in 1977, the town of Walkerville voted not to join the consolidated government, thus becoming an enclave.
- In New Jersey:
- In North Dakota, the city of Prairie Rose is an enclave of Fargo.
- In Ohio:
- In Montgomery County, there are several cities with enclaves and exclaves. Dayton has one exclave, while surrounding several encalves that belong to the cities of Trotwood and Riverside. Riverside also has several exclaves that border more than one city as well as additional parcels that are connected to the city only by a roadway. Clayton contains several enclaves surrounded by Englewood and one that is completely surrounded by Union. Other than Dayton's exclave, the international airport, these enclaves and exclaves were formed by municipalty-township mergers in the 1990s.
- The cities of Minerva Park, Bexley, Whitehall, and Valleyview are all enclaves of Columbus. The cities of Worthington and Riverlea together form another enclave of Columbus.
- The city of Norwood is an enclave of Cincinnati. The cities of Elmwood Place, to the north, and St. Bernard, to the south, together form another enclave of Cincinnati.
- In Oregon, the city of Maywood Park is surrounded by Portland, which annexed the surrounding lands after Maywood Park incorporated.
- In Pennsylvania, every county in the state other than the counties of Fulton, Philadelphia, Pike and Union contains at least one municipality in another municipality. Allegheny County, among others, contain numerous enclaved municipalities.
- In Tennessee, the cities of Red Bank and Ridgeside are enclaves in the city of Chattanooga.
- In Texas:
- The cities of Alamo Heights, Balcones Heights, Castle Hills, Hill Country Village, Hollywood Park, Kirby, Leon Valley, Olmos Park, Shavano Park, and Terrell Hills are all enclaves of San Antonio. [3]
- The cities of Bellaire, West University Place, and Southside Place together form an enclave of Houston. The cities of Bunker Hill Village, Hedwig Village, Hilshire Village, Hunters Creek Village, Piney Point Village, and Spring Valley Village together form another enclave of Houston.
- The cities of Highland Park and University Park, collectively known locally as the "Park Cities", together form an enclave of Dallas. In addition, the city of Cockrell Hill is also an enclave of Dallas.
- The city of Beverly Hills is an enclave of Waco.
- The cities of Dalworthington Gardens and Pantego together form an enclave of Arlington.
- In Virginia, several county seats are enclaved in the counties that they serve, but are not part of the counties, plus some other cities are enclaved within counties. This situation exists because under Virginia law, all municipalities that are incorporated as cities are legally independent of any county. The Virginia cities enclaved within counties are:
- Bedford, enclaved within and the county seat of Bedford County
- Buena Vista, enclaved within Rockbridge County
- Charlottesville, enclaved within and the county seat of Albemarle County
- Covington, enclaved within and the county seat of Alleghany County
- Emporia, enclaved within and the county seat of Greensville County
- Fairfax, enclaved within and the county seat of Fairfax County
- Harrisonburg, enclaved within and the county seat of Rockingham County
- Lexington, enclaved within and the county seat of Rockbridge County
- Martinsville, enclaved within and the county seat of Henry County
- Norton, enclaved within Wise County
- Roanoke and Salem together form an enclave within Roanoke County. The Roanoke County Courthouse is located in Salem, but the rest of the county government is located in the unincorporated community of Cave Spring.
- Staunton, enclaved within and the county seat of Augusta County
- Waynesboro, enclaved within Augusta County
- Winchester, enclaved within and the county seat of Frederick County
- In Wisconsin, the village of Thiensville is an enclave of the city of Mequon in Ozaukee County.
- In Uzbekistan, Tashkent is separate from surrounding Toshkent Province, although it serves as its capital.
- In Yemen, Sana'a municipality is surrounded by Sana'a Governorate.
- In Zimbabwe, Harare is an enclave in the province of Mashonaland East.
[edit] Exclaves which are not enclaves
The British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia, shown here, separates parts of Greek Cyprus from the main body of Greek Cypriot territory.
- Angola: Cabinda is bounded by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, and the Atlantic Ocean.
- Azerbaijan: Nakhichevan is bounded by Armenia, Iran, and Turkey.
- Cyprus (de facto): Two portions of land in the island's Southeast, in addition to the enclaves mentioned above, are cut off from the rest of the Greek Cypriot territory by the British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. They are bounded by the base and the Mediterranean Sea, and the larger one also is bounded by a United Nations Buffer Zone. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also has an exclave in the island's Northwest, Kokkina/Erenköy, which is bounded by the buffer zone and the Mediterranean.
- East Timor: Oecussi-Ambeno is bounded by Indonesia and the Savu Sea.
- France: French Guiana (an Overseas Department), in South America, is bounded by Suriname, Brazil, and the Atlantic Ocean.
- Oman: Musandam is bounded by the United Arab Emirates and the Strait of Hormuz.
- Russia: Kaliningrad Oblast is bounded by Lithuania, Poland, and the Baltic Sea.
- Spain: Ceuta, Melilla, Peñón de Alhucemas, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, and the Islas Chafarinas (the Plazas de soberanía) are bounded by Morocco and the Mediterranean Sea.
- United States: Alaska is bounded by Canada, the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. Point Roberts, Washington is bounded by Canada and the Strait of Georgia. The Northwest Angle, the northernmost part of Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota is bounded by Canada and the Lake of the Woods. Elm Point, Minnesota is bounded by Canada and the Lake of the Woods. Alburgh, Vermont is bounded by Canada and Lake Champlain.
[edit] Subnational exclaves which are not enclaves
- In Austria, the transfer of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol to Italy after World War I left the county of Tyrol in two parts.
- In Belgium, the Flemish Region has an exclave, the municipality of Voeren (Fourons), whereas Wallonia also has an exclave, the municipality of Comines-Warneton (Komen-Waasten). The territory of the German-speaking Community of Belgium is also composed of two parts separated by a part of the French Community. Apart from Baarle-Hertog, there are two municipalities consisting out of non-contiguous parts: Ixelles - Elsene in the Brussels Capital Region and Mesen in West-Flanders.
- In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Posavina Canton is part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina situated between Republika Srpska and Croatia. In this canton, Orašje is adjacent to Brčko District, which belongs to both entities, but Odžak is a true exclave.
- In Brazil:
- In China, Xianghe County, Sanhe City, and Dachang Hui Autonomous County, lodged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin, together make up an exclave of the prefecture-level city of Langfang in Hebei province.
- In Finland: In Central Finland, the former municipality of Säynätsalo is now an exclave of Jyväskylä municipality.
- In France, the commune of Ménessaire is an exclave of the department of Côte-d'Or between Nièvre and Saône-et-Loire.
- In Iceland, the capital of Reykjavík has an exclave suburb some forty kilometers from it, separated from the city proper by another municipality, Mosfellsbær.
- In Italy:
- In Japan, Kitayama Village and Kumanogawa Town of Wakayama prefecture are located in the border between Mie and Nara prefectures.
- In Liechtenstein, seven of the eleven municipalities are in two or more pieces. In addition to the enclaves mentioned above, Vaduz has four exclaves; Schaan has three; Planken, Balzers, and Eschen each have two; and Triesenberg and Gamprin both have one.
- In Malaysia, Cape Rachado is an exclave of state of Malacca, which lies on the coast of Negeri Sembilan.
- In Mexico: Calica and Xel-Há in the municipality of Cozumel in Quintana Roo State have two poligons of land bounded by the Solidaridad Municipality but with a Coast.
- In Moldova, Raionul Cahul and Raionul Taraclia both have one exclave, and the autonomous territory of Gagauzia has three.
- In the Netherlands, Amsterdam Zuidoost is cut from other parts of the municipilaty of Amsterdam by land that belongs to the municipilaties of Ouder-Amstel and Diemen.
- In Norway, the municipalities Asker and Bærum are separated from the rest of the county of Akershus by land that belongs to the counties of Oslo, Oppland and Buskerud and Oslofjorden.
- In the Philippines:
- In Poland, Sławków commune is an exclave of Będzin county on the border between Małopolskie voivodeship and Śląskie voivodeship, to which it administratively belongs.
- In Portugal, as a consequence of administrative reforms during the 19th century (in the 1830s, then again in the 1850s, and to a much lesser extent in the 1890s), there are no subnational enclaves and only three subnational exclaves persist on the municipal level:
- Montijo, divided into 8 freguesias (Portuguese for civil parishes), 3 of which are 20 km due East of the other 5. The 'main', Western part of its territory (where the municipal seat stands and where most of its inhabitants live) is five times smaller that the 'secondary' part. To go from the Western part to the Eastern, you have to pass by territory belonging to the municipalities of Alcochete and Palmela, or at least Palmela (going cross-country).
- Oliveira de Frades, divided into 12 freguesias, 2 of which are a few kilometers due South-East of the main part. To go from the main body to the exclave you have to pass through territory belonging to the municipality of Vouzela.
- Vila Real de Santo António, divided into 3 freguesias, one of which is a few kilometers due West of the other two. The 'main', Eastern part of its territory (where the municipal seat stands and where most of its inhabitants live) is more than three times smaller that the 'secondary' part. To go from the Eastern part to the Western, you have to pass by territory belonging to the municipality of Castro Marim, or go by sea, as all 3 freguesias face the Atlantic Ocean to the South.
- In Samoa, A'ana, Palauli, Satupa'itea, and Va'a-o-Fonoti districts each have one exclave, and Gaga'emauga district has two.
- In Spain:
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