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The Gentoo Linux operating system (pronounced /ˈdʒɛntuː/) is a Linux distribution based on the Portage package management system. The development project and its products are named after the Gentoo penguin. Gentoo package management is designed to be modular, portable, easy to maintain, flexible, and optimized for the user's machine. Packages are normally built from source code, continuing the tradition of the ports collection, although for convenience, some large software packages are also available as precompiled binaries for various architectures.
[edit] HistoryGentoo was initially created by Daniel Robbins as the Enoch Linux distribution. The goal was to create a distribution that was built from source code, tuned to the hardware, only included required programs, and decreased maintainer workload through scripting.[2] At least one version of Enoch was distributed: version 0.75, in December 1999.[3] Compilation issues revealed problems with the GNU Compiler Collection (gcc), used to build from source code. Daniel Robbins and the other contributors experimented with a fork of gcc known as egcs developed by cygnus that produced binaries with at least a 10% real world speedup over pgcc. At this point, Enoch gained a reputation for its speed, prompting the name change to Gentoo Linux (the Gentoo species is the fastest swimming penguin). The modifications eventually became part of the official gcc (version 2.95), and other Linux distributions experienced similar speed increases.[4] After problems with a bug on his own system, Robbins halted Gentoo Linux development and switched to FreeBSD for several months, later saying "I decided to add several FreeBSD features to make our autobuild system (now called Portage) a true next-generation ports system."[5] Gentoo Linux 1.0 was released 2002-03-31.[6] Robbins had wanted Gentoo Linux to become a commercially successful project, but found an appropriate business model difficult to achieve. In 2004 he set up the non-profit Gentoo Foundation, transferred all copyrights and trademarks to it, and stepped down as Chief Architect of the project.[7][8] The current Board of Trustees[9] is composed of five members who were announced (following an election) on March 2, 2008.[10] There is also a subsidiary seven-member Gentoo Council whose members decide on technical issues and policies.[11] The current Council members were elected over the period of August 17, 2007 to September 17, 2007 by 117 active Gentoo developers.[12] Until recently, the Gentoo Foundation was a 501c6 non-profit foundation, registered in the State of New Mexico.[13] In late 2007, the Foundation's charter was revoked.[14] As of May 19, 2008 the State of New Mexico declared that the Gentoo Foundation Inc has returned to good standing and is free to do business[15]. [edit] Portability
Although originally designed for the x86 architecture, it has been ported to many others and currently runs on the x86, x86-64, IA-64, PA-RISC; PowerPC, PowerPC 970, SPARC64, MIPS, DEC Alpha, System Z/s390, PS3 Cell Processor[16] and SuperH architectures.[17] Official support for 32bit Sparc hardware has been dropped.[18]Gentoo was the first distribution to offer a fully functional 64-bit Linux computing environment (user space and kernel). There is also a "Gentoo for Mac OS X" project which allows Mac OS X users to use Gentoo's Portage to install packages, similar to the way provided by Fink. Although still a work in progress, this project can coexist with Fink because it uses the same environment as Mac OS X instead of creating a new one. Portability toward other operating systems, such as BSD-derived ones, is under active development by the Gentoo/ALT project. The Gentoo/FreeBSD project already has a working release, while Gentoo/NetBSD, Gentoo/OpenBSD and Gentoo/DragonFly are being developed.[19] There is also a project to get Portage working on the GNU Hurd (although development is slow) and OpenSolaris. [edit] PortagePortage is Gentoo's package management system. It is similar in idea to the BSD ports collections: the original design was based on FreeBSD ports. In contrast, the Portage tree does not contain directories of Makefiles, but of so-called ebuilds, bash scripts that describe separate functions to download, configure, make, install and remove a package and additional functions that can be used to set up the operating environment for a package. Portage is also the name of Gentoo's default package management utility. This package provides, among other useful scripts, the emerge utility, which is written in Python and can be used by privileged users to easily inspect and alter the set of installed packages on a Gentoo operating system. Whereas emerge used to operate in a similar way to other ports collections, by entering a directory in the tree and using emerge (instead of make) to perform package management operations, it now reads variables from the file /etc/make.conf (again similar to ports) to determine where the Portage tree is kept. Recently, alternative package management utilities like Paludis and pkgcore have seen heavy development. Both are intended to be used alongside or instead of the official Portage utilities in both development and practical use. As both competing projects intend to replace the official utilities, an effort has been raised to standardise the application programming interface (API) of ebuilds for all package managers, in a project called the Package Manager Specification or PMS[20] [edit] Init systemGentoo's init system is another important feature. It is similar to the System V init system that most Linux distributions use, but uses dependency-based scripts and named run levels rather than numbered ones. It also includes a command called rc-update which manages runlevels. Gentoo startup scripts use the runscript shell interpreter, rather than a more traditional shell. Originally Gentoo's rc system was built into baselayout 1 and written entirely in bash. This led to several limitations. For example, certain system calls need to be accessed during boot and this required C-based callouts to be added. These callouts were each statically linked, causing the rc system to bloat over time. Additionally, as Gentoo expanded to other platforms like Gentoo/FreeBSD and Gentoo Embedded, it became impossible to require a bash-based rc system. This led to a development of baselayout 2, which is written in C and only requires a POSIX-compliant shell. During the development of baselayout 2, it was determined that it was a better fit if baselayout merely provided the base files and filesystem layout for Gentoo and the rc system was broken off into its own package - OpenRC.[21]. OpenRC is primarily developed by Roy Marples and supports all current Gentoo variations Gentoo Linux, Gentoo/FreeBSD, Gentoo Embedded, and Gentoo Vserver and other platforms such as FreeBSD and NetBSD. [edit] InstallationGentoo may be installed in several ways. The most common way is to use the Gentoo minimal cd with a stage 3 tarball. As with many Linux distributions, it can also be installed by most Live CDs and existing Linux installations. Installation of Gentoo can be completed by following the Gentoo Handbook. Additionally, several other methods of installation are listed in the Alternative Installation Method HOWTO; most of which are targeted at experienced users or users unable to boot from the Gentoo live CD. As of version 2006.0, the Gentoo Foundation has released a GTK+ based installer to greatly simplify the process of installing the distribution from scratch.[3] More advanced users will note that the new installer also brings back the stage 1 installation (see below) as a common installation method. [edit] CatalystStarting with 2004.0, Gentoo introduced a tool called Catalyst, which is used to build all Gentoo releases and can be used to build one's own customized install media. [edit] StagesTraditionally installation could be started from one of three base stages:
As of November 2005, only stage3 installations are officially supported.[22] Although tarballs for stage1 and stage2 are still distributed, the instructions for installing from these stages have been removed from the handbook[23] and put into the Gentoo FAQ. [edit] Live USBA Live USB of Gentoo Linux can be created manually or with UNetbootin [24]. [edit] Version history
Even though the versioning system changed to years, the numbering version system still continues. For example, /etc/gentoo-release might contain "Gentoo Base System version 1.6.13" (Modified Aug. 26, 2005). These numbers are actually the version numbers of the Once Gentoo is installed, it becomes "versionless"; that is, once an emerge update is done, the system is at the latest version. If the system was installed from a 2005.0 CD and 2005.1 was released, an emerge update of the system effectively makes the installed gentoo system, with a 2005.0 CD or other, to a newly up to date system, with most of the up to date packages available. [edit] Advantages
[edit] Drawbacks
[edit] Logo and mascots
The official Gentoo logo is the stylized G resembling a silver magatama[43]. Unofficial mascots include Larry the cow and Knurt the flying saucer[citation needed]. In fact as Larry appeared originally on the official website, it can be considered semi-official[citation needed]. [edit] Gentoo-based distributions
[edit] References
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[edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
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