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Bought in Washington D.C.[citation needed], modified in Moscow[citation needed], and used in London, the Bulgarian umbrella was an umbrella with a hidden pneumatic mechanism in it which shot out small pellets containing poison. The umbrella was originally produced by the British company Swaine Adeney Brigg[1][citation needed]. Such an umbrella was used in the assassination of the Bulgarian dissident writer Georgi Markov on September 7, 1978 (the birthday of the Bulgarian State Council Chairman Todor Zhivkov who had often been the target of Georgi Markov's criticism), on Waterloo Bridge in London (Markov died four days later), and also in the failed assassination attempt against the Bulgarian dissident journalist Vladimir Kostov the same year in the Paris underground. The poison used in both cases was ricin. Both assassination attempts are believed to have been organized by the Bulgarian secret services of the time of the Cold War with the assistance of the KGB. These two cases have inspired the creation of the 1980 French film Le Coup du parapluie (The Umbrella Coup) directed by Gerard Oury, starring Pierre Richard. [edit] See also
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