Bahr al-Arab

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This article is about the river in Sudan. For Arabian Sea (Bahr al-'Arab), see Arabian Sea.

Bahr al-Arab (also known as the Kiir River) is a river which flows approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) through the southwest of Sudan. It is part of the Nile river system, being a tributary of Bahr el Ghazal, which is a tributary of the White Nile.

The river flows through Sudan's Kurdufan and Darfur regions and forms part of the border between Darfur and Bahr el Ghazal. It roughly marks the frontier between Northern Sudan (including Darfur) and Southern Sudan in the western part of the country. For centuries the Bahr al-Arab has marked the boundary between the Dinka and Baggara ethnic groups.[1]

The name "Bahr al-Arab" is Arabic for "River of the Arabs". The Dinka people call it the "Kiir River". The river has served as a frontier and zone of conflict between the Baggara and Dinka peoples as long as their oral traditions remember.[2]

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The Bahr al-Arab arises from several tributaries that drain the Bongo Massif and Marrah Mountains in Darfur, close to Sudan's border with Chad and the Central African Republic. The Adda and Umbelasha flow east from the Bongo Massif to join the Ibrah (Wadi Ibra), which flows south from the Marrah Mountains. Formed from these tributaries, the Bahr al-Arab flows east along the border of the Darfur and Bahr al Ghazal regions, then through a southern part of the Kurdufan region.

According to some sources, the Bahr al-Arab's confluence with the Jur River marks the source of the Bahr al-Ghazal river. Other sources say the Jur joins the Bahr al-Ghazal before the Bahr al-Arab does. The Bahr al-Ghazal flows a short distance east to join the White Nile in the Sudd wetlands. The Lol River joins the Bahr al-Arab from the south, just above the Jur River confluence.[3]

[edit] Natural history

The Bahr al-Arab has the largest drainage basin of any river in the Bahr al-Ghazal region. But compared to the rivers to the south, the Bahr al-Arab has very little water and it flows sluggishly.[4]

[edit] History

During the Second Sudanese Civil War Bahr al-Arab's location on the border of Northern and Southern Sudan made it a military front and an area of conflict. In the early 1980s western Sudan suffered several droughts and crop failures. As various peoples shifted southward the Baggara moved south of the Bahr al-Arab and came into conflict with the Dinka. The Baggara were supported by the Sudanese military in an attempt to make headway against the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). The Baggara militias, known as murahileen,[5] battled the SPLA throughout the 1980s. By the end of the decade the land along the Bahr al-Arab was devastated and the population decimated.[6]

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[edit] References

  1. ^ Burr, Millard; Robert O. Collins (1995). Requiem for the Sudan: War, Drought, and Disaster Relief on the Nile. Westview Press, p. 18. ISBN 0813321212. ; online at Google Books
  2. ^ Collins, Robert O.Millard (2002). The Nile. Yale University Press, pp. 63-64. ISBN 0300097646. ; online at Google Books
  3. ^ Course info mainly from: (1992) Illustrated Atlas of the World, 1994 Revised Edition, Rand McNally, p. 184 (Map 35: East-Central Africa. ISBN 0-528-83492-4. ; and Shahin, Mamdouh (2002). Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa. Springer, p. 276. ISBN 140200866X. ; online at Google Books
  4. ^ Collins, Robert O.Millard (2002). The Nile. Yale University Press, p. 63. ISBN 0300097646. ; online at Google Books
  5. ^ Cohen, Roberta (1998). The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced. Brookings Institution Press, p. 144. ISBN 0815715137. ; online at Google Books
  6. ^ Burr, Millard; Robert O. Collins (1995). Requiem for the Sudan: War, Drought, and Disaster Relief on the Nile. Westview Press, pp. 17-19, 81. ISBN 0813321212. ; online at Google Books
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