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The world of academia—that is, scholars and students in a research and learning community associated with higher education typically are defined by a rather rigid set of ranks for professors and other instructors. Those listed below refer specifically to colleges and universities, although other institutions may follow a similar schema. [edit] Argentina (National Universities)[edit] Academic ranksAcademic ranks include professors and teaching auxiliaries (assistants). There are four kinds of ordinary professorships: Profesor Titular Plenario (the only tenured faculty position), Profesor Titular, Profesor Asociado and Profesor Adjunto. The university may also appoint prominent members of the academic and scientific community as Profesor Emérito (a retired faculty member who demonstrated excellency in both teaching and researching), Profesor Consulto (also a retired faculty member who provides assistance in specific knowledge areas) or Profesor Honorario (an honorary mostly ceremonial position). Temporary professorships include the ranks of Profesor Invitado (who doesn't receive compensation for the position) and Profesor Contratado (who does receive compensation). Teaching auxiliaries or assistants are divided into three categories: Jefe de Trabajos Prácticos, Ayudante de Primera or Ayudante Diplomado and Ayudante de Segunda or Ayudante Alumno (usually, if not almost always, this rank is reserved for undergraduate students). [edit] Administrative ranksThe administration of the university is in the hands of a Rector and a Consejo Superior, both elected by the Asamblea Universitaria, composed of professors, graduates (includes alumni, teaching auxiliaries and all other academic or research staff who do not qualify to vote as professors or undergraduate students) and undergraduate students elected by direct secret and compulsory vote. The Consejo Superior designates several Secretarios to assist the Rector, and chooses one of its members to be the Vicerrector (the deputy to the Rector). Each faculty, school or college is headed by a Decano, designated by the Consejo Directivo or Consejo Académico, composed also by professors, graduates and undergraduate students. It also picks several Secretarios to assist the Dean on the daily business and the Vicedecano (deputy to the Dean). Departments are chaired by a Director, which is assisted by Secretarios and a Director Adjunto (deputy to the Director). They have a Junta Departamental, the collegiate body which governs the department. In some universities non-academic staff is allowed to have a representative on collegiate governing bodies. Also, some universities separate alumni and teaching auxiliaries, allowing them to elect separate representatives to the university government. [edit] Australia and New Zealand[edit] Academic ranks
[edit] Administrative ranks
[edit] BelgiumThe ranks may differ between the Flemish Community and the French Community, as education is a community matter in Belgium. [edit] Academic ranks (Flemish Community)
[edit] Administrative ranks (Flemish Community)
[edit] Bosnia and HerzegovinaAcademic ranks
Administrative ranks
Academic Degrees
[edit] BrazilAt the University of Sao Paulo the academic rank system is:
In the Federal Universities the academic ranks receive other names:(In portuguese)
More information: (In portuguese) [edit] Canada[edit] Academic ranks
[edit] Administrative ranks
[edit] China, People's Republic ofMost universities in the People's Republic of China adopt a four-level academic rank system, i.e. professor, associate professor, lecturer, and teaching assistant. The American title of assistant professor does not exist. Most PhD graduates will be appointed at the lecturer level initially and be promoted to associate professorship after two years of teaching. However, people holding a doctorate from Western universities and with some working experience overseas will normally be appointed at a higher level, sometimes at the full professor level directly. [edit] Academic ranks
Principal faculty ranks in the mainland of PR China are:
Academic trainee ranks in the mainland of PR China are:
Academic title awards for certain purposes:
[edit] Administrative ranks
[edit] Cyprus[edit] Academic ranks
[edit] Czech Republic (Czechia)Administrative positions:
Academic degrees and positions:
[edit] DenmarkAdministrative positions:
Academic positions:
Academic degrees:
[edit] FinlandThere are a specific number of posts, which can be applied to when they are vacated or established. A Professor, for example, is a leader of a laboratory or a group.
Notice that Professor is also a title, conferred by the President of Republic as a mark distinction for prominent artists, literary persons or directors of state scientific laboratories. In addition to the ranks mentioned above, the title of Academician may be conferred to the most accomplished scientists, scholars, writers or artists. [edit] FranceOne of the peculiarities of the French higher education system is the existence of both a university system and a network of Grandes Écoles. Ranks in the two systems are not always exactly the same. Concerning National Universities :
These two levels are reserved for civil servants. Other positions exist but they are on contractual basis (ATER, allocataire moniteur). Professeur and Maître de conférence are positions with various subcategories but the title is always the same. These subcategories (1st class, 2nd class, Exceptional Class) solely serve to determine the appropriate income they earn. No one can become Professeur or Maître de Conférence if the PhD has not been passed (with honors). The Grande École system is a parallel educational generally attributed to Napoleon. Some of them (for example Sciences Po Paris) are part of the state university recruitment system. The others - mainly the private ones - follow various guidelines. Among the business schools it is common to follow the North American terminology. That is,
Typically, anyone teaching in a Grande Ecole will identify themselves publicly as "Professeur" regardless of their internal rank. This is an acceptable practice for tenured or full-time staff ("professeurs permanents") and permanently employed part-time staff (professeurs affiliés). It is considered inappropriate for others who teach a single course (vacataires or chargés d'enseignements). [edit] Germany, Austria[edit] Academic ranks
The titles "Privatdozent" and "apl. Prof." are awarded due to the Habilitation. The holder can be employed as a Oberassistent, Hochschuldozent, Mitarbeiter (research/teaching assistant) or Akademischer Rat, or he can be unemployed or pursuing a business. In Baden-Württemberg a Dozent is a newly-established (2007) position[1] for aspiring professors with heavy teaching requirements. There are two classes: the Juniordozent which is equivalent of the Juniorprofessor (who is more research-oriented) and the Hochschuldozent which is W2-salaried position for tenured lecturers. [edit] Administrative ranks
[edit] Greece[edit] Academic ranks
The prefix of Professor is only assumed by Professors and Professors Emeriti, not by Assistant Professors and above. [edit] Administrative ranks
The holders of administrative ranks must be Professors or Associate Professors. The only exception is Secretary General, who is not a member of the Teaching and Research Staff. [edit] Hong Kong[edit] Academic ranksIn the past Hong Kong followed the British system (4 levels). In recent years it is moving towards the North American counterpart, with the titles renamed to their corresponding equivalence (professor, associate professor, and assistant profeossor). Institutions established in the 1980s and 1990s almost entirely follows the North American system, while older ones, notably the The University of Hong Kong is in the process of transition. [1] Depending on institutions, the title of "Professor" is assumed by chair professors and professors, or assistant professors and above.
[edit] Administrative ranks
[edit] Hungary[edit] Academic ranks[edit] At Universities (provide B.A./B.Sc.,M.A/M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees for students)Egyetemi tanár (university professor, in general DSc.); Habilitált egyetemi tanár (university professor with PhD., and a special university habilitation); Habilitált egyetemi docens (reader (UK)/associate professor (US) - always with a Ph.D., and with a special habilitation); Egyetemi docens (senior lecturer (UK)/associate professor (US),always with Ph.D.); Egyetemi adjunktus (lecturer (UK)/assistant professor(US), usually with PhD.); Egyetemi tanársegéd (graduate teaching assistant (GB)/ instructor (US), generally without PhD.) [edit] At College level (in Hungarian 'főiskola', only B.A/B.Sc.degree for students (three years)Főiskolai tanár (equal with egyetemi docens, with PhD.= senior lecturer (UK)/associate professor (US) at universities) Főiskolai docens (equal with egyetemi adjunktus = lecturer (UK)/assistant professor (US) at Universities, with Ph.D.) Főiskolai adjunktus (equal with egyetemi tanársegéd = graduate teaching assistants (UK) / instructors (US) at Universities, without a Ph.D.) Főiskolai tanársegéd (equal with graduate teaching assistants (UK) / instructors (US) at Universities, without a Ph.D.), too). [edit] Academic degrees[edit] Indonesia[edit] Academic ranksThere are 9 ranks, in total, which can be categorized to 4 main levels. Level 1: Asisten Ahli (= Assistant Professor) Level 2: Lektor (= Associate Professor) Level 3: Lektor Kepala (= Associate Professor) Level 4: Professor (= Professor) Level 1: Asisten Ahli 1. Asisten Ahli - Rate 100 2. Asisten Ahli - Rate 150 Level 2: Lektor 1. Lektor - Rate 200 1. Lektor - Rate 300 Level 3: Lektor Kepala 1. Lektor Kepala - Rate 400 2. Lektor Kepala - Rate 550 3. Lektor Kepala - Rate 700 Level 4: Professor 1. Professor - Rate 850 2. Professor - Rate 1050 [edit] Iran[edit] Academic ranks
[edit] Emeritus ranks[edit] Administrative ranks[edit] IraqHolders of Master and PH.D. degree can be:
[edit] Israel
[edit] Italy[edit] Academic ranksFaculty (all these positions are tenure-track):
Non-faculty and temporary:
[edit] Administrative ranks
[edit] JapanJapanese research universities typically have similar positions as the North American system. Principal faculty ranks are:
[edit] Macau SARThe University of Macau basically follows the American system. There are four levels of faculty rank, namely professor,associate professor,assistant professor and lecturer. Assistant professor is the entry-level appointment for any academics holding a PhD degree. People without a PhD can normally only be appointed at the lecturer level. However, there are some exceptional cases whereby an academic without a PhD can be awarded an "invited assistant professorship." The university authorities is trying to raise the percentage of PhD holders among its teaching staff. The Macau Polytechnic Institute follows the system in mainland China, i.e. professor, associate professor and lecturer. The level of assistant professor does not exist. The associate professor is supposed to be the equivalent of the levels of associate professor and assistant professor in the American system. However, a PhD holder will normally be appointed higher than that level. [edit] Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia
[edit] MalaysiaStaff ranking in Malaysian public universities are based on the British system as a legacy of the British colonising the country. There are only slight variations among the universities but the general ranking is as follows Academic positions (in descending hierarchy)
Administrative (in descending hierarchy)
[edit] MexicoThe model for the classification of academic positions is the National Autonomous University of Mexico Academic positions (in ascending hierarchy)
The last classification in only given to those academics that have a prominent career and has at least 25 years of service [edit] NetherlandsThe Dutch system is comparable to the U.S. system, although Ph.D candidates are usually employed by the university. However, some call for a general introduction of Ph.D student tracks, where students are given a scholarship instead of being paid wages. Faculty Positions
Administrative position
Only full professors (including extraordinary professors) are allowed to carry the abbreviation 'prof.'. Although unlikely, it is possible for someone to become Rector Magnificus or Dean without being a full professor. In such cases, usually an honorary 'prof.'-title is granted for the duration of the office, however without the prerogatives usually attached to a full professorship. [edit] New Zealandsee under Australia and New Zealand (above) [edit] NorwayElected faculty positions:
Professorial ranks:
Postdoctoral ranks:
Postgraduate ranks:
[edit] Pakistan[edit] Academic ranks[edit] Emeritus ranksUpon retirement, a university may grant honorary status to the former staff member. [edit] Administrative ranksThere are two systems of administrative ranks - one for Universites and other for Institutes. [edit] Universities[edit] Institutes
[edit] PolandResearch-and-teaching staff:
and also for a special purpose:
Teaching staff:
Elected faculty positions:
[edit] Romania[edit] Administrative ranks:
[edit] Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank):
and also for a special purpose:
[edit] Teaching staff (lower rank):
[edit] RussiaAdministrative positions:
On a par with Rector, some universities has President Position, but it’s usually honored position. Academic department heads and chairs serve the same function, and there may also be associate and assistant department heads or chairs (though this is unusual). The term "Department Head" usually indicates the administrator is elected to the post by the faculty of the department, while the term "Department Chair" usually means the person is appointed by the dean without election by the faculty. Academic degrees:
The main difference Russian educational system is: There are two degree (Dr. of Sc. and Cand. of Sc.). Usually standard PhD is close to Cand. of Sc. However, if you have PhD and a lot of books, huge academic experience, many published research results, you have a chance to hold the certificate that your PhD equals Dr. of Sc. Also each degree (Cand. and Dr.) is divided into majors. PhD means specialist from any major (excepting medicine) is called Doctor of Philosophy. In Russian educational system the following variety of degree:
Academic positions:
[edit] South Africa[edit] Academic ranks
[edit] Administrative ranks
In Afrikaans-speaking universities the terms Rector and Vice-Rector are common, whereas English-speaking universities tend to favour the terms Principal and Vice-Principal. The use of Deputy Vice-Chancellor seems to be phasing out Pro-Vice-Chancellor. [edit] Spain[edit] Academic ranks
[edit] Administrative ranks
[edit] Sri Lanka[edit] Academic ranks
[edit] Administrative ranks
[edit] Sweden[edit] Academic ranksAcademic ranks with their corresponding required skills in teaching and research are defined in the University Law (SFS 1993:100) and the University Ordinance (SFS 1992:1434). The hiring of and promotion to the rank of professor are examined in committee before being decided by the appropriate university official, usually the prefekt, dekan or rektor. The examination is based on the views of two or more external examiners. Decisions are frequently appealed to the Appeals Board for Swedish Universities and Colleges (Överklagandenämnden för Högskolan). A similar but less strict procedure is used before the title of docent can be awarded or the employment of a lektor. In general, the Swedish system of academic ranks contains two intertwined career ladders; one based in teaching, the other based in research. The teaching ladder starts with adjunkt, continues with lektor, and ends with professor. The research ladder starts with doktorand, continues with doktor and then docent, and ends with professor. All titles, except for the doktor degree (PhD) and the docent title, are tied to the employment in a certain position. It should be noted that the Swedish Government Official Report (SOU 2007:98) on Academic Career Ways published in December 2007 proposed several changes to the here described structure. Professor: Previously only holders of a Chair were called Professor, but since the 1990s a second career way has been opened, allowing qualified lecturers to apply for promotion. A successful examination will automatically confer professorship upon the applicant. These promoted professors (or Tham professors, after the Minister for Education Carl Tham who adopted the procedure), enjoy most of the advantages of a full professors, but as the institution will receive no extra funding for their research work, they have so far carried a disproportionately large responsibility for teaching. Both unions and universities agree that this must change over time, but progress have been slow. The professor title is tied to the employment - when a professor resigns, he/she will lose the title. Tillförordnad professor / Adjungerad professor / Gästprofessor: Acting professor, adjunct professor and visiting professor are all temporary professor positions used to solve the need for a certain competence or a managerial resource. An adjunct professor usually works on a part-time basis (e.g. 20%) and has his/hers main employment elsewhere. As the positions are temporary, they require less formal merits, and individuals are usually directly recruited without any selection process. Docent: Having considerably increased the width and depth of his research, a lecturer may apply to be awarded a docentur. The hearing is similar to that applied before hiring a professor, but less strict in its form. Through his research, the docent is considered to have acquired venia docendi, the right to teach. Accordingly, he may teach at all levels and act as opponent at Thesis defence. Typically, a docent manages a group of PhD-students or a subdivision of a research group. He often chairs smaller research projects of his own. While once a formal position that could be obtained through an excellent grade on the PhD dissertation, today lecturers apply to be accepted as unpaid docents, meaning that they keep their current job but may use the senior title. The docent title remains with the individual for life. Lektor: A position as lecturer requires proven pedagogical and scientific skills, usually being understood as teaching experience during his PhD-studies and a defended thesis. Although lecturers are promised a 50/50 partition between research and teaching, for those lecturers unable to find external funding it is largely a teacher's position. Coursework will include all levels, but lecturers do not act as examinators at the PhD-level. As with the professors, a promotion procedure can be applied for junior staff that qualify. Administrative or pedagogical skills can substitute for a lack in research work, if combined with long service. Today, almost all lecturer positions require a PhD exam. Qualification as lektor is the required level to participate in academic elections, as well as to stand for the offices of dekan or rektor. The title of lektor is tied to the employment. Forskningsingenjör / PostDoc / Forskare / Forskarassistent: Research engineers, PostDoc researchers or Researcher are time limited positions allowing a former PhD student to continue his research. Teaching responsibilities of these junior researchers are very limited and it is considered to be a short cut in the career track. A current commission will most probably suggest changes in the post doctoral positions by the end of 2007. Doktor: An individual who has obtained the PhD degree. In a few Swedish universities, it is also a permanent teaching position. Adjunkt: The adjunkt is a teacher's position, with responsibilities on the undergraduate and masters' levels. Having no other qualifications than a Masters' Degree, while the adjunkt is common at both universities and colleges, the former are striving to upgrade adjunkts to lektors. This is done by allowing time to perform or complete PhD-studies, or by systematically replacing adjunkts who have quit or retired with positions as lektors. Doktorand: The Faculty Board may not accept PhD-students unless they can prove that the relevant finances are available to support the student. While employment as doktorand is unpopular with faculty for economical reasons, it is widely demanded by student organizations and acknowledge in law. The position as doktorand does not per se distinguish between those students who are employed and those benefiting from public or private grants. It is common to prolong the doktorand employment or scholarship period by teaching as adjunkt or doing other work for the department. Such work cannot surpass 20% of a full time position, bringing the four year PhD programme to a total of five years. [edit] Emeritus rankEmeritus rank are most commonly used for professors, although there is no particular regulation prohibiting a lektor or docent to add the letters em after his title. [edit] Administrative ranksRektor: Most universities and colleges being state institutions, the rector is appointed by Government. The appointment is for six years, renewable for two times three years. However, while directors general of all other departments and authorities are parachuted from above, no rector will be appointed without the board of the university's recommendation. This, in turn, will be based on the opinion of lektors, professors and students. A formal account of the hearing process, including aspects of equal opportunity, is part of the recommendation sent to the Government. Rektors will hold the rank of lektor or higher. The private colleges follow a very similar procedure, but with appointment being made either by Government or by the board itself. Prorektor: The board of the university appoints a prorektor for the university, which will serve as acting rector during the rector's vacation, travels and other absences. The position is proscribed in law; prorektors will usually hold the rank of lektor or higher. Vice-rektor: Several of the large universities have adopted an organization where vice-rektors will hold a specific office as the rector's chargé d'affaires in a particular domain. The office of vice-rektor is not proscribed in law. Procedures and requirements for election as well as missions have therefore varied widely between institutions. Responsibilities include, but are not limited to, Student's Welfare, Education Quality, Off-Campus Programmes, Corporate Affairs, Information Technology and Internationalisation. Vice-rektors will usually hold the rank of lektor or higher, but again, this may vary between institutions. Dekan, Dekanus: While the internal organization of the higher education institutions are not regulated by law, most have opted to divide into faculties or areas headed by a board and a dekan or dekanus, the dean. Deans are commonly appointed by the rector after hearing the opinion of the lektors and professors. The usually serve with a time limited mandate. Deans will hold the rank of lektor or higher. Prefekt: Most universities and colleges are subdivided into departments, headed by the prefekt and the department board or, sometimes, by the prefekt alone. Prefekts may be appointed by and report directly to the department board, the faculty board or the rector. There are no formal requirements for a prefekt, but will adjunkts have held the position a prefekt will usually hold a position as lektor or higher. [edit] SerbiaAcademic ranks
Administrative ranks
Academic Degrees
[edit] Switzerland[edit] German-language universities of Switzerland
[edit] French-language universities of Switzerland
[edit] Thailand[edit] Academic ranks
There are also Clinical Professor, Adjunct Professor and Adjunct Lecturer positions. [edit] Administrative ranks
[edit] Turkey
[edit] United Kingdom[edit] Academic ranks[edit] Academic Teaching and Research/ Teaching and Scholarship Career Pathway
[edit] Pre/None Career Grade
[edit] Research Career Pathway[edit] Pre/None Career Grade[edit] Changes in Academic Rank at the University of WarwickThe University of Warwick has changed its academic titles to the American system (Professor, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor) from the 2006-2007 academic year. [edit] Emeritus ranksUpon retirement, a university may grant honorary status to the former staff member. In the case of the University of Hull, the ranks correspond as follows:
[edit] Administrative ranksThere are two systems of administrative ranks - one for England, Wales and Northern Ireland and one for Scotland. [edit] England, Wales and Northern Ireland
[edit] Scotland
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